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Shell plc

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</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Shell plc</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="Shell_Centre" title="Shell Centre">Shell Centre</a> headquarters in London</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Forthdeal Limited (2002–2004)</li><li>Royal Dutch Shell plc (2004–2022)<a href="#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<li><a href="Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Euronext Amsterdam</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euronext.com/products/equities/GB00BP6MXD84-XAMS/quotes">SHELL</a></li>

<li><a href="FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 component</a></li>

<li><a href="AEX_index" title="AEX index">AEX component</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="external text external" href="https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=GB00BP6MXD84">GB00BP6MXD84</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">Energy</a></li><li><a href="Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessors</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li>Royal Dutch Petroleum Company (1890)</li>

<li>The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (1897)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">April 1907 (1907-04) (as Royal Dutch Shell) 20 July 2005 (2005-07-20) in <a href="Shell_Centre" title="Shell Centre">Shell Centre</a>, London (current entity)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Henri_Deterding" title="Henri Deterding">Henri Deterding</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcus_Samuel%2C_1st_Viscount_Bearsted" title="Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted">Marcus Samuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Samuel" title="Samuel Samuel">Samuel Samuel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Shell_Centre" title="Shell Centre">Shell Centre</a> London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Andrew_Mackenzie_(businessman)" title="Andrew Mackenzie (businessman)">Andrew Mackenzie</a> (chairperson) </li><li><a href="Wael_Sawan" title="Wael Sawan">Wael Sawan</a> (CEO) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="LNG" class="mw-redirect" title="LNG">LNG</a></li><li><a href="Lubricant" title="Lubricant">Lubricants</a></li><li>Natural gas</li><li><a href="Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">Petrochemicals</a></li><li>Petroleum</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Brands</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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<ul><li><a href="Jiffy_Lube" title="Jiffy Lube">Jiffy Lube</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennzoil" title="Pennzoil">Pennzoil</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaker_State" title="Quaker State">Quaker State</a></li>

<li>Shell Advance</li>

<li>Shell Broadband</li>

<li>Shell Helix</li>

<li>Shell Nautilus</li>

<li>Shell Rimula</li>

<li><a href="Shell_Rotella" title="Shell Rotella">Shell Rotella</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_V-Power" title="Shell V-Power">Shell V-Power</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"> US$284.3 billion<a href="#cite_note-results-3">[3]</a> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"> US$34.7 billion<a href="#cite_note-results-3">[3]</a> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"> US$16.5 billion<a href="#cite_note-results-3">[3]</a> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> US$387.6 billion<a href="#cite_note-results-3">[3]</a> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> US$180.2 billion<a href="#cite_note-results-3">[3]</a> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">90,000<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (2025)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">Divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Shell_Chemicals" title="Shell Chemicals">Shell Chemicals</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Gas_%26_Power" title="Shell Gas & Power">Shell Gas & Power</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li>Shell Argentina</li>

<li><a href="Shell_Australia" title="Shell Australia">Shell Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Canada" title="Shell Canada">Shell Canada</a></li>

<li>Shell Chile</li>

<li>Shell Hong Kong</li>

<li>Shell India</li>

<li>Shell Italia</li>

<li>Shell Morocco</li>

<li><a href="Shell_Nigeria" title="Shell Nigeria">Shell Nigeria</a></li>

<li>Shell Oman</li>

<li><a href="Shell_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Pakistan">Shell Pakistan</a></li>

<li>Shell Philippines</li>

<li>Shell South Africa</li>

<li>Shell Tunisia</li>

<li><a href="Shell_USA" title="Shell USA">Shell USA</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shell.com/">shell.com</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Footnotes / references <div class="plainlist" style="line-height 1.3"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">

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</style>a formerly known as "the Royal Dutch Company for the Exploitation of Petroleum Wells in the Dutch East Indies"</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

Shell plc is a British <a href="Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> company, headquartered in <a href="London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-reuters7222-5">[5]</a> Shell is a <a href="Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">public limited company</a> with a primary listing on the <a href="London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> (LSE) and secondary listings on <a href="Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext Amsterdam</a> and the <a href="New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>. A core component of <a href="Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Big Oil</a>, Shell is the second largest investor-owned oil and gas company in the world by revenue (after <a href="ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>), and among the <a href="List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies by revenue">world's largest companies</a> out of any industry.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Measured by both its own emissions, and the emissions of all the fossil fuels it sells, Shell was the <a href="Top_contributors_to_greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Top contributors to greenhouse gas emissions">ninth-largest corporate producer of greenhouse gas emissions</a> in the period 1988–2015.

Shell was formed in April 1907 through the <a href="Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">merger</a> of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company of the United Kingdom. The combined company rapidly became the leading competitor of the American <a href="Standard_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> and by 1920 Shell was the largest producer of oil in the world.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Shell first entered the chemicals industry in 1929. Shell was one of the "<a href="Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a>" which dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s. In 1964, Shell was a partner in the world's first commercial sea transportation of <a href="Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 1970, Shell acquired the mining company <a href="BHP#Billiton" title="BHP">Billiton</a>, which it subsequently sold in 1994 and now forms part of <a href="BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>. In recent decades gas has become an increasingly important part of Shell's business<a href="#cite_note-bloom8415-9">[9]</a> and Shell acquired <a href="BG_Group" title="BG Group">BG Group</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-bloom8415-9">[9]</a>

Shell is <a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertically integrated</a> and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including <a href="Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">exploration</a>, <a href="Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">production</a>, <a href="Refining" title="Refining">refining</a>, <a href="Petroleum_transport" title="Petroleum transport">transport</a>, <a href="Midstream" title="Midstream">distribution and marketing</a>, <a href="Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemicals</a>, <a href="Power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power generation">power generation</a>, and trading. Shell has operations in over 99 countries,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> produces around 3.7 million <a href="Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> per day and has around 44,000 service stations worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgcombin-12">[12]</a> As of 31 December 2019, Shell had total proved reserves of 11.1 billion barrels (1.76×109 m3) of oil equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="Shell_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Oil Company">Shell USA</a>, its principal subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Shell holds 44%<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> of <a href="Ra%C3%ADzen" title="Raízen">Raízen</a>, a publicly listed joint venture with <a href="Cosan" title="Cosan">Cosan</a>, which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company.<a href="#cite_note-Sugarcane_Ethanol-16">[16]</a> In addition to the main Shell brand, the company also owns the <a href="Jiffy_Lube" title="Jiffy Lube">Jiffy Lube</a>, <a href="Pennzoil" title="Pennzoil">Pennzoil</a> and <a href="Quaker_State" title="Quaker State">Quaker State</a> brands.

Shell is a constituent of the <a href="FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a> and had a <a href="Market_capitalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalisation">market capitalisation</a> of US$199 billion on 15 September 2022, the largest of any company listed on the LSE and the 44th-largest of any company in the world.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> By 2021 revenues, Shell is the second-largest investor-owned oil company in the world (after <a href="ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>), the largest company headquartered in the United Kingdom, the second-largest company headquartered in Europe (after <a href="Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen</a>), and the 15th largest company in the world.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Until its unification in 2005 as Royal Dutch Shell plc, the firm operated as a <a href="Dual-listed_company" title="Dual-listed company">dual-listed company</a>, whereby the British and Dutch companies maintained their legal existence and separate listings but operated as a single-unit partnership. From 2005 to 2022, the company had its headquarters in The Hague, its registered office in London and had two types of shares (A and B). In January 2022, the firm merged the A and B shares, moved its headquarters to London, and changed its legal name to Shell plc.<a href="#cite_note-reuters7222-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-chshell-19">[19]</a>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div>

The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created in April 1907 through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company (<a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Koninklijke Nederlandse Petroleum Maatschappij) of the Netherlands and The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Limited of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-beginnings-20">[20]</a> It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with <a href="Standard_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aftalion2001-21">[21]</a> The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in <a href="Pangkalan_Brandan" title="Pangkalan Brandan">Pangkalan Brandan</a>, <a href="North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrillees201560-22">[22]</a> and initially led by <a href="Jean_Baptiste_August_Kessler" title="Jean Baptiste August Kessler">August Kessler</a>, Hugo Loudon, and <a href="Henri_Deterding" title="Henri Deterding">Henri Deterding</a>. The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a <a href="United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> company, founded in 1897 by <a href="Marcus_Samuel%2C_1st_Viscount_Bearsted" title="Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted">Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted</a>, and his brother <a href="Samuel_Samuel" title="Samuel Samuel">Samuel Samuel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-23">[23]</a> Their father had owned an antique company in <a href="Houndsditch" title="Houndsditch">Houndsditch</a>, London,<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth2011-24">[24]</a> which expanded in 1833 to import and sell seashells, after which the company "Shell" took its name.<a href="#cite_note-beginnings-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falola-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-dy-26">[26]</a>

For various reasons, the new firm operated as a <a href="Dual-listed_company" title="Dual-listed company">dual-listed company</a>, whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence but operated as a single-unit partnership for business purposes. The terms of the merger gave 60 percent stock ownership of the new group to Royal Dutch, and 40 percent to Shell. Both became <a href="Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding companies</a> for <a href="Bataafsche_Petroleum_Maatschappij" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij">Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij</a>, containing the production and refining assets, and Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company, containing the transport and storage assets.<a href="#cite_note-Gerretson346-27">[27]</a> National patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies.<a href="#cite_note-Gerretson346-27">[27]</a> The Dutch company, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij at <a href="The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, was in charge of production and manufacture.<a href="#cite_note-Gerretson347-28">[28]</a> The British Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company was based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products.<a href="#cite_note-Gerretson347-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-dy-26">[26]</a>

In 1912, Royal Dutch Shell purchased the <a href="Rothschild_%26_Co" title="Rothschild & Co">Rothschilds</a>' <a href="Bnito" title="Bnito">Russian oil assets</a> in a stock deal. The Group's production portfolio then consisted of 53 percent from the <a href="East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>, 29 percent from the <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and 17 percent from <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dy-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div>

During the <a href="First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Shell was the main supplier of fuel to the <a href="British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> It was also the sole supplier of <a href="Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">aviation fuel</a> and supplied 80 percent of the British Army's <a href="TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> It also volunteered all of its shipping to the <a href="British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a>

The <a href="Romanian_Campaign_(1916)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Campaign (1916)">German invasion of Romania</a> in 1916 saw 17% of the group's worldwide production destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> In 1919, Shell took control of the <a href="Mexican_Eagle_Petroleum_Company" title="Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company">Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company</a> and in 1921 formed Shell-Mex Limited, which marketed products under the "Shell" and "Eagle" brands in the United Kingdom. During the <a href="Genoa_Conference_(1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa Conference (1922)">Genoa Conference</a> of 1922 Royal Dutch Shell was in negotiations for a monopoly over Soviet oilfields in <a href="Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> and <a href="Grozny" title="Grozny">Grosny</a>, although the leak of a draft treaty led to breakdown of the talks.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1929, <a href="Shell_Chemicals" title="Shell Chemicals">Shell Chemicals</a> was founded.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> By the end of the 1920s, Shell was the world's leading oil company, producing 11 percent of the world's <a href="Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> supply and owning 10 percent of its tanker tonnage.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a>

During the <a href="Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> the company sold oil to the Nationalist side of <a href="Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

Located in the north bank of the <a href="River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in London, <a href="Shell_Mex_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Mex House">Shell Mex House</a> was completed in 1931, and was the head office for Shell's marketing activity worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> In 1932, partly in response to the difficult economic conditions of the <a href="Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Shell-Mex merged its UK marketing operations with those of <a href="BP" title="BP">BP</a> (British Petroleum) to create <a href="Shell-Mex_%26_BP" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell-Mex & BP">Shell-Mex & BP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> a company that traded until the brands separated in 1975. Royal Dutch Company ranked 79th among United States corporations in the value of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> military production contracts.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

The 1930s saw Shell's Mexican assets seized by the local government.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> After the <a href="German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">invasion of the Netherlands</a> by <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1940, the head office of the Dutch companies was moved to <a href="Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> In 1945, Shell's Danish headquarters in <a href="Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, at the time being used by the <a href="Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, was bombed by <a href="Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">De Havilland Mosquitoes</a> in <a href="Operation_Carthage" title="Operation Carthage">Operation Carthage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

In 1937, <a href="Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a> (IPC), 23.75 percent owned by Royal Dutch Shell plc,<a href="#cite_note-RLA-36">[36]</a> signed an oil concession agreement with the <a href="Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Sultan of Muscat</a>. In 1952, IPC offered financial support to raise an armed force that would assist the Sultan in occupying the interior region of <a href="Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, an area that geologists believed to be rich in oil. This led to the 1954 outbreak of the <a href="Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a> in Oman that lasted for more than 5 years.<a href="#cite_note-OmansInsurgencies-37">[37]</a>

Around 1952, Shell was the first company to purchase and use a computer in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The computer, a <a href="Ferranti_Mark_1" title="Ferranti Mark 1">Ferranti Mark 1</a>*, was assembled and used at the Shell laboratory in Amsterdam. In 1970, Shell acquired the mining company <a href="BHP#Billiton" title="BHP">Billiton</a>, which it subsequently sold in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

In 1989, Shell redesigned a $3-billion natural gas platform in the <a href="North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, raising its height one to two meters, to accommodate an anticipated <a href="Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> due to <a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

In the 1990s, protesters criticised the company's environmental record, particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the <a href="Brent_Spar" title="Brent Spar">Brent Spar</a> platform into the North Sea. Despite support from the UK government, Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally better.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to <a href="Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, supported by executive speeches reinforcing this commitment.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Shell was subsequently criticised by the <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and five European Union members after deciding to leave part of its decommissioned oil rigs standing in the North Sea. Shell argued that removing them would be too costly and risky. Germany said that the estimated 11,000 tonnes of raw oil and toxins remaining in the rigs would eventually seep into the sea, and called it a 'ticking timebomb'.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>

On 15 January 1999, off the <a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentinian</a> town of <a href="Magdalena%2C_Buenos_Aires" title="Magdalena, Buenos Aires">Magdalena, Buenos Aires</a>, the Shell tanker Estrella pampeana collided with a German <a href="Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ship</a>, emptying its contents into the lake, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals. Over a decade after the spill, a referendum held in Magdalena determined the acceptance of a US$9.5 million compensatory payout from Shell.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Shell denied responsibility for the spill, but an Argentine court ruled in 2002 that the corporation was responsible.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div>

In 2002, Shell acquired <a href="Pennzoil" title="Pennzoil">Pennzoil-Quaker State</a> through its American division for US$22 per share, or about US$1.8 billion. Through its acquisition of Pennzoil, Shell became a <a href="Successors_of_Standard_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Successors of Standard Oil">descendant of Standard Oil</a>. With its acquisition, Shell inherited multiple auto part brands including <a href="Jiffy_Lube" title="Jiffy Lube">Jiffy Lube</a>, <a href="Rain-X" title="Rain-X">Rain-X</a>, and <a href="Fix-a-Flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fix-a-Flat">Fix-a-Flat</a>. The company was notably late in its acquisition as seen by journalists, with Shell seen as streamlining its assets around the same time of other major mergers and acquisitions in the industry, such as <a href="BP" title="BP">BP</a>'s purchase of <a href="Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a> and the merger of <a href="ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">Exxon</a> and <a href="Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

In 2004, Shell overstated its oil reserves, resulting in loss of confidence in the group, a £17 million fine by the <a href="Financial_Services_Authority" title="Financial Services Authority">Financial Services Authority</a> and the departure of the chairman <a href="Philip_Watts" title="Philip Watts">Philip Watts</a>. A lawsuit resulted in the payment of $450 million to non-American shareholders in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

As a result of the scandal, the corporate structure was simplified. Two classes of ordinary shares, A (code RDSA) and B (code RDSB), identical but for the tax treatment of dividends, were issued for the company.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its <a href="Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a>, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the LSE, a secondary listing on <a href="Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Euronext Amsterdam</a>, its headquarters and tax residency in <a href="The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands and its registered office in London. The company was already incorporated in 2002 as Forthdeal Limited, a <a href="Shelf_corporation" title="Shelf corporation">shelf corporation</a> incorporated by Swift Incorporations Limited and Instant Companies Limited, both based in Bristol.<a href="#cite_note-chshell-19">[19]</a> The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> changing its name to The Shell Transport and Trading Company Limited<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> whereas Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was delisted from the <a href="New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> on 18 November 2005.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

During the <a href="Economy_of_Iraq#2009_Oil_services_contracts" title="Economy of Iraq">2009 Iraqi oil services contracts tender</a>, a consortium led by Shell (45%) and which included <a href="Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> (30%) was awarded a production contract for the "Majnoon field" in the south of Iraq, which contains an estimated 12.6 billion barrels (2.00×109 m3) of oil.<a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-2009-47-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The "West Qurna 1 field" production contract was awarded to a consortium led by <a href="ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> (60%) and included Shell (15%).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

In February 2010, Shell and <a href="Cosan" title="Cosan">Cosan</a> formed a 50:50 joint-venture, <a href="Ra%C3%ADzen" title="Raízen">Raízen</a>, comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, including its liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme. Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $2–3bn from the sale.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In June 2010, Shell agreed to acquire all the business of <a href="East_Resources" title="East Resources">East Resources</a> for a cash consideration of $4.7 billion. The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its <a href="Shale_gas_in_the_United_States" title="Shale gas in the United States">US shale gas</a> assets and canceled a US$20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of <a href="Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. A new CEO <a href="Ben_van_Beurden" title="Ben van Beurden">Ben van Beurden</a> was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 percent lower than in 2012—the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 percent as a result.<a href="#cite_note-Tom-61">[61]</a> Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell a further US$15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-62">[62]</a>

Shell announced on 8 April 2015 it had agreed to buy <a href="BG_Group" title="BG Group">BG Group</a> for £47 billion (US$70 billion), subject to shareholder and regulatory approval.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The acquisition was completed in February 2016, resulting in Shell surpassing <a href="Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron Corporation</a> and becoming the world's second largest non-state oil company.<a href="#cite_note-Katakey-64">[64]</a>

On 7 June 2016, Shell announced that it would build an <a href="Pennsylvania_Shell_ethane_cracker_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Shell ethane cracker plant">ethane cracker plant</a> near <a href="Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania, after spending several years doing an environmental cleanup of the proposed plant's site.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

In January 2017, Shell agreed to sell £2.46bn worth of <a href="North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> assets to oil exploration firm Chrysaor.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 2017, Shell sold its <a href="Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a> assets to <a href="Canadian_Natural_Resources" title="Canadian Natural Resources">Canadian Natural Resources</a> in exchange of approximately 8.8% stake in that company. In May 2017, it was reported that Shell plans to sell its shares in Canadian Natural Resources fully exiting the oil sands business.<a href="#cite_note-reuters240517-67">[67]</a>

On 5 November 2017, the <a href="Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a>, a set of confidential <a href="Electronic_document" title="Electronic document">electronic documents</a> relating to <a href="Offshore_investment" title="Offshore investment">offshore investment</a>, revealed that Argentine Energy Minister <a href="Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Aranguren" title="Juan José Aranguren">Juan José Aranguren</a> was revealed to have managed the <a href="Offshore_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore companies">offshore companies</a> 'Shell Western Supply and Trading Limited' and 'Sol Antilles y Guianas Limited', both subsidiaries of Shell. One is the main bidder for the purchase of diesel oil by the government through the state owned <a href="Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Administradora_del_Mercado_Mayorista_El%C3%A9ctrico_Sociedad_An%C3%B3nima" title="Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico Sociedad Anónima">CAMMESA</a> (Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico).<a href="#cite_note-perfil1-68">[68]</a>

On 30 April 2020, Shell announced that it would cut its <a href="Dividend" title="Dividend">dividend</a> for the first time since the <a href="Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, due to the <a href="2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">oil price collapse</a> following the reduction in oil demand during the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Shell stated that their net income adjusted for the cost of supply dropped to US$2.9 billion in three months to 31 March. This compared with US$5.3 billion in the same period the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> On 30 September 2020, the company said that it would cut up to 9,000 jobs as a result of the economic effects caused by the pandemic and announced a "broad restructuring".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In December 2020, Shell forecast another write-down of $3.5–4.5 billion for the fourth quarter due to lower oil prices, following $16.8 billion of impairment in the second quarter.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

In February 2021, Shell announced a loss of $21.7 billion in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> despite reducing its operating expenses by 12%, or $4.5 billion, according to a <a href="Morningstar%2C_Inc." title="Morningstar, Inc.">Morningstar</a> analysis cited by <a href="Barron's_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron's (newspaper)">Barron's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>

In November 2021, Shell announced that it is planning to relocate their headquarters to London, abandon its dual share structure, and change its name from Royal Dutch Shell plc to Shell plc.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The company's name change was registered in the <a href="Companies_House" title="Companies House">Companies House</a> on 21 January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-chshell-19">[19]</a>

In December 2021, Shell pulled out of the <a href="Cambo_oil_field" title="Cambo oil field">Cambo oil field</a>, off the Shetland Islands, claiming that "the economic case for investment in this project is not strong enough at this time, as well as having the potential for delays". The proposed oilfield had been the subject of intense campaigning by environmentalists in the run-up to the COP26 UN climate summit in Glasgow in November 2021.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>

On 4 March 2022, during the <a href="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and in the midst of the growing <a href="2022_boycott_of_Russia_and_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus">boycott of Russian economy and related divestments</a>, Shell bought a cargo of discounted Russian crude oil.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The next day, following criticism from Ukraine's Foreign Minister <a href="Dmytro_Kuleba" title="Dmytro Kuleba">Dmytro Kuleba</a>, Shell defended the purchase as a short term necessity, but also announced that it intended to reduce such purchases, and it would put profits from any Russian oil it purchases into a fund that would go towards humanitarian aid to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> On 8 March, Shell announced that it would stop buying Russian oil and gas and close its service stations in the country.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>

In 2022, the major oil and gas companies, including Shell,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> reported sharp rises in interim revenues and profits.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In fact, this rise in profit for Shell was so sharp, that 2022 was the company's best year, as Shell recorded double the profits from 2021, and the highest profit in its entire history.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>

In November 2024, Shell won a case in the Hague court of appeal against <a href="Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a> which would have required Shell to cut its carbon emissions by 45%, in line with the <a href="Paris_Climate_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Climate Accords">Paris Climate Accords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_affairs">Corporate affairs</h2></div>

<caption>Big Oil companies<a href="#cite_note-84">[a]</a>

</caption>

<th>Company

</th>

<th>Revenue (2021)(<a href="USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a>

</th>

<th>Profit (2021)(USD)

</th>

<th>Brands

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>

</td>

<td>$286 billion

</td>

<td>$23 billion

</td>

<td><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil</a></li><li><a href="Esso" title="Esso">Esso</a></li><li><a href="Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li></ul></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>$273 billion

</td>

<td>$20 billion

</td>

<td><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="Jiffy_Lube" title="Jiffy Lube">Jiffy Lube</a></li><li><a href="Pennzoil" title="Pennzoil">Pennzoil</a></li></ul></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a>

</td>

<td>$185 billion

</td>

<td>$16 billion

</td>

<td><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="Elf_Aquitaine" title="Elf Aquitaine">Elf Aquitaine</a></li><li><a href="SunPower" title="SunPower">SunPower</a></li></ul></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>$164 billion

</td>

<td>$7.6 billion

</td>

<td><a href="Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a> <a href="Aral_AG" title="Aral AG">Aral AG</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>

</td>

<td>$163 billion

</td>

<td>$16 billion

</td>

<td><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a></li><li><a href="Caltex" title="Caltex">Caltex</a></li><li><a href="Havoline" title="Havoline">Havoline</a></li></ul></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon</a>

</td>

<td>$141 billion

</td>

<td>$10 billion

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a>

</td>

<td>$115 billion

</td>

<td>$1.3 billion

</td>

<td><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="76_(gas_station)" title="76 (gas station)">76</a></li><li><a href="Conoco" title="Conoco">Conoco</a></li><li><a href="Jet_(brand)" title="Jet (brand)">JET</a></li></ul></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero</a>

</td>

<td>$108 billion

</td>

<td>$0.9 billion

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>$77 billion

</td>

<td>$5.8 billion

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a>

</td>

<td>$48.3 billion

</td>

<td>$8.1 billion

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_trends">Business trends</h3></div>

The key trends of Shell are (as at the financial year ending 31 December):<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a>

<th>Year

</th>

<th>Revenue (US$ bn)

</th>

<th>Net income (US$ bn)

</th>

<th>Employees

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>2017

</td>

<td>305

</td>

<td>12.9

</td>

<td>86.000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2018

</td>

<td>388

</td>

<td>23.3

</td>

<td>82.000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2019

</td>

<td>344

</td>

<td>15.8

</td>

<td>83.000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2020

</td>

<td>180

</td>

<td>−21.6

</td>

<td>87.000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2021

</td>

<td>261

</td>

<td>20.1

</td>

<td>82.000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2022

</td>

<td>381

</td>

<td>42.3

</td>

<td>87.000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2023

</td>

<td>316

</td>

<td>19.3

</td>

<td>87.000

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3></div>

On 4 August 2005, the board of directors announced the appointment of <a href="Jorma_Ollila" title="Jorma Ollila">Jorma Ollila</a>, chairman and CEO of <a href="Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> at the time, to succeed Aad Jacobs as the company's non-executive chairman on 1 June 2006. Ollila is the first Shell chairman to be neither Dutch nor British. Other non-executive directors include <a href="Maarten_van_den_Bergh" title="Maarten van den Bergh">Maarten van den Bergh</a>, <a href="Wim_Kok" title="Wim Kok">Wim Kok</a>, Nina Henderson, <a href="John_Kerr%2C_Baron_Kerr_of_Kinlochard" title="John Kerr, Baron Kerr of Kinlochard">Lord Kerr</a>, Adelbert van Roxe, and Christine Morin-Postel.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a>

Since 3 January 2014, <a href="Ben_van_Beurden" title="Ben van Beurden">Ben van Beurden</a> has been CEO of Shell.<a href="#cite_note-Tom-61">[61]</a> His predecessor was <a href="Peter_Voser" title="Peter Voser">Peter Voser</a> who became CEO of Shell on 1 July 2009.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a>

Following a career at the corporation, in locations such as Australia and Africa, Ann Pickard was appointed as the executive vice president of the Arctic at Royal Dutch Shell, a role that was publicized in an interview with <a href="McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a> in June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Ann-90">[89]</a>

In January 2023, <a href="Wael_Sawan" title="Wael Sawan">Wael Sawan</a> succeeded Ben van Beurden as CEO.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_leadership">Historical leadership</h4></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_chairmen_of_Shell" title="List of chairmen of Shell">List of chairmen of Shell</a></div>

The name Shell is linked to The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel Sr., founded an import business to sell <a href="Seashell" title="Seashell">seashells</a> to London collectors. When collecting seashell <a href="Biological_specimen" title="Biological specimen">specimens</a> in the <a href="Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting <a href="Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">lamp oil</a> from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built <a href="Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tanker</a>, the <a href="SS_Murex_(1892)" title="SS Murex (1892)">Murex</a> (Latin for a type of <a href="Murex" title="Murex">snail shell</a>), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at <a href="Shell_Haven" title="Shell Haven">Shell Haven</a> on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a>

The Shell logo is one of the most familiar commercial symbols in the world. This logo is known as the "<a href="Pecten_(bivalve)" title="Pecten (bivalve)">pecten</a>" after the sea shell <a href="Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Pecten maximus</a> (the giant <a href="Scallop" title="Scallop">scallop</a>), on which its design is based. The yellow and red colours used are thought<a href="#cite_note-Superbrands-94">[93]</a> to relate to the colours of the <a href="Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">flag of Spain</a>, as Shell built early service stations in California, previously a <a href="Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colony</a>. The current revision of the logo was designed by <a href="Raymond_Loewy" title="Raymond Loewy">Raymond Loewy</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-dboom-95">[94]</a>

The slash was removed from the name "Royal Dutch/Shell" in 2005, concurrent with moves to merge the two legally separate companies (Royal Dutch and Shell) to the single legal entity which exists today.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a>

On 15 November 2021, Royal Dutch Shell plc announced plans to change its name to Shell plc.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_Nov_15-97">[96]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logo_evolution">Logo evolution</h3></div>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">1971–present<a href="#cite_note-loew-98">[n 1]</a></div>

</li>

</ul>

<dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-loew-98"><a href="#cite_ref-loew_98-0">^</a> Designed by <a href="Raymond_Loewy" title="Raymond Loewy">Raymond Loewy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dboom-95">[94]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2></div>

<caption>Sales by business (2022)<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[97]</a>

</caption>

<th>Business

</th>

<th>share

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Chemicals and Products

</td>

<td>37.9%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Service stations

</td>

<td>31.6%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Integrated Gas

</td>

<td>14.4%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Renewable and Energy Solutions

</td>

<td>13.9%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Upstream

</td>

<td>2.2%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Corporate Segment

</td>

<td>0.0%

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_groupings">Business groupings</h3></div>

Shell is organised into four major business groupings:<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a>

<ul><li>Upstream – manages the upstream business. It searches for and recovers <a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude oil</a> and natural gas and operates the upstream and midstream infrastructure necessary to deliver oil and gas to the market. Its activities are organised primarily within geographic units, although there are some activities that are managed across the business or provided through support units.</li>

<li>Integrated Gas and New Energies – manages to <a href="Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefy natural gas</a>, converting gas to liquids and low-carbon opportunities.</li>

<li>Downstream – manages Shell's manufacturing, distribution, and marketing activities for oil products and chemicals. Manufacturing and supply include refinery, supply, and shipping of crude oil.</li>

<li>Projects and technology – manages the delivery of Shell's major projects, provides technical services and technology capability covering both upstream and downstream activities. It is also responsible for providing functional leadership across Shell in the areas of health, safety and environment, and contracting and procurement.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas_activities">Oil and gas activities</h3></div>

Shell's primary business is the management of a <a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertically integrated</a> oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, <a href="Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refining</a> and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant <a href="Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> and <a href="Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barriers to entry</a>, each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a>

Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in <a href="The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the "exploration and production" sector.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a>

Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generate the majority of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 <a href="Petrol_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol station">petrol stations</a> and its various <a href="Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a>. The downstream business, which in some countries also included <a href="Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">oil refining</a>, generally included a retail <a href="Petrol_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol station">petrol station</a> network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales, and a host of other product/market sectors such as <a href="Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a> and <a href="Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>. The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local "operating companies" – often with middle and senior management reinforced by <a href="Expatriates" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriates">expatriates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sponsorships">Sponsorships</h3></div>

Shell has a long history of motorsport sponsorship, most notably <a href="Scuderia_Ferrari" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Scuderia Ferrari</a> (1951–1964, 1966–1973 and 1996–present), <a href="BRM" class="mw-redirect" title="BRM">BRM</a> (1962–1966 and 1968–1972), <a href="Scuderia_Toro_Rosso" title="Scuderia Toro Rosso">Scuderia Toro Rosso</a> (2007–2013 and 2016), <a href="McLaren" title="McLaren">McLaren</a> (1967–1968 and 1984–1994), <a href="Team_Lotus" title="Team Lotus">Lotus</a> (1968–1971), <a href="Ducati_Corse" title="Ducati Corse">Ducati Corse</a> (since 1999), <a href="Team_Penske" title="Team Penske">Team Penske</a> (2011–present), <a href="Hyundai_Motorsport" title="Hyundai Motorsport">Hyundai Motorsport</a> (since 2005), <a href="AF_Corse" title="AF Corse">AF Corse</a>, <a href="Risi_Competizione" title="Risi Competizione">Risi Competizione</a>, <a href="BMW_Motorsport" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW Motorsport">BMW Motorsport</a> (2015–present with also <a href="Pennzoil" title="Pennzoil">Pennzoil</a>) and <a href="Dick_Johnson_Racing" title="Dick Johnson Racing">Dick Johnson Racing</a> (<a href="1987_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship" title="1987 Australian Touring Car Championship">1987</a>–<a href="2004_V8_Supercar_Championship_Series" title="2004 V8 Supercar Championship Series">2004</a> and <a href="2017_International_V8_Supercars_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 International V8 Supercars Championship">2017</a>–present).<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a>

Starting in 2023, Shell became the official fuel for <a href="IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a>, supplying E100 race fuel for all teams.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a>

In motorcycle racing, Shell and <a href="Ducati" title="Ducati">Ducati</a> have been working together globally for a very long time. Shell has indeed been working with Ducati since 1999, through the first support in the <a href="Superbike_World_Championship" title="Superbike World Championship">Superbike</a>. The support continues to win more than 150 races, including seven MotoGP world champions. Both in lubricants and fuel products which have now been established for 25 years. This long-term cooperation contract has just been extended in the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> at 2024 and will continue until the end of 2027.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations_by_region">Operations by region</h2></div>

<caption>Sales by region (2022)<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[97]</a>

</caption>

<th>Region

</th>

<th>share

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Asia, Oceania, Africa

</td>

<td>33.2%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>United States

</td>

<td>22.8%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>22.5%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>United Kingdom

</td>

<td>13.2%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Other Americas

</td>

<td>8.3%

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arctic">Arctic</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kulluk_oil_rig">Kulluk oil rig</h4></div>

Following the purchase of an offshore lease in 2005, Shell initiated its US$4.5 billion <a href="Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> drilling program in 2006, after the corporation purchased the "<a href="Kulluk" title="Kulluk">Kulluk</a>" oil rig and leased the Noble Discoverer drillship.<a href="#cite_note-offshore170306-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-petroleum040207-108">[106]</a> At inception, the project was led by Pete Slaiby, a Shell executive who had previously worked in the <a href="North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jon-109">[107]</a> However, after the purchase of a second offshore lease in 2008, Shell only commenced drilling work in 2012, due to the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-ng270712-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-adn270612-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jerry-112">[110]</a> The plans to drill in the Arctic led to protests from environmental groups, particularly <a href="Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>; furthermore, analysts in the energy field, as well as related industries, also expressed skepticism due to perceptions that drilling in the region is "too dangerous because of harsh conditions and remote locations".<a href="#cite_note-Jerry-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Phil-113">[111]</a>

Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012, as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits, <a href="United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> certification of a marine vessel, and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment. Additionally, difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the "Kulluk" incident at the end of the year. Shell had invested nearly US$5 billion by this stage of the project.<a href="#cite_note-Jon-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jerry-112">[110]</a>

As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of <a href="Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the rig. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast <a href="Sitkalidak_Island" title="Sitkalidak Island">Sitkalidak Island</a>, near the eastern end of <a href="Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a>. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at <a href="Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a>, and he explained that "A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season".<a href="#cite_note-Jon-109">[107]</a>

It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the "Kulluk" incident, and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would "pause" its closely watched drilling project off the <a href="Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskan</a> coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration.<a href="#cite_note-Mat-114">[112]</a> In January 2014, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic, with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is "under review" due to both market and internal issues.<a href="#cite_note-Terry-115">[113]</a>

A June 2014 interview with Pickard indicated that, following a forensic analysis of the problems encountered in 2012, Shell will continue with the project and Pickard stated that she perceives the future of the corporation activity in the Arctic region as a long-term "marathon".<a href="#cite_note-Ann-90">[89]</a> Pickard stated that the forensic "look back" revealed "there was an on/off switch" and further explained:

<blockquote>In other words, don't spend the money unless you're sure you're going to have the legal environment to go forward. Don't spend the money unless you're sure you're going to have the permit. No, I can't tell you that I'm going to have that permit until June, but we need to plan like we're going to have that permit in June. And so probably the biggest lesson is to make sure we could smooth out the on/off switches wherever we could and take control of our own destiny.<a href="#cite_note-Ann-90">[89]</a></blockquote>

Based upon the interview with Pickard, Shell is approaching the project as an investment that will reap energy resources with a lifespan of around 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-Ann-90">[89]</a>

According to the <a href="Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management</a> report in 2015 the chances of a major spill in a deep-sea Arctic drilling is 75% before century's end.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kodiak_Island">Kodiak Island</h4></div>

In 2010, Greenpeace activists painted "No Arctic Drilling" using spilled <a href="BP" title="BP">BP</a> oil on the side of a ship in the <a href="Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> that was en route to explore for <a href="Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> oil for Shell. At the protest, <a href="Phil_Radford" title="Phil Radford">Phil Radford</a> of Greenpeace called for "<a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">President Obama</a> [to] ban all offshore oil drilling and call for an end to the use of oil in our cars by 2030".<a href="#cite_note-Phil-113">[111]</a>

On 16 March 2012, 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded <a href="MSV_Fennica" title="MSV Fennica">Fennica</a> and <a href="MSV_Nordica" title="MSV Nordica">Nordica</a>, multipurpose <a href="Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreakers</a> chartered to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Around the same time period, a reporter for <a href="Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune magazine</a> spoke with <a href="Edward_Itta" title="Edward Itta">Edward Itta</a>, an <a href="I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Inupiat</a> leader and the former mayor of the <a href="North_Slope_Borough%2C_Alaska" title="North Slope Borough, Alaska">North Slope Borough</a>, who expressed that he was conflicted about Shell's plans in the Arctic, as he was concerned that an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat peoples hunting-and-fishing culture, but his borough also received major tax revenue from oil and gas production; additionally, further revenue from energy activity was considered crucial to the future of the living standard in Itta's community.<a href="#cite_note-Jon-109">[107]</a>

In July 2012, Greenpeace activists shut down 53 Shell petrol stations in <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and London in a protest against the company's plans to drill for oil in the Arctic. Greenpeace's "<a href="Save_the_Arctic" title="Save the Arctic">Save the Arctic</a>" campaign aims to prevent oil drilling and <a href="Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">industrial fishing</a> in the Arctic by declaring the uninhabited area around the North Pole a global sanctuary.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a>

A review was announced after the Kulluk oil rig ran aground near Kodiak Island in December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-ap080113-119">[117]</a>

In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and <a href="Benjamin_Jealous" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Jealous">Benjamin Jealous</a> of the <a href="NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> and Radford argued that the legal action was "trampling Americans' rights".<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to take down video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored <a href="Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> (F1) Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013, in which "SaveTheArctic.org" banners appear at the winners' podium ceremony. In the video, the banners rise up automatically—activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas—revealing the website URL, alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a>

Shell then announced a "pause" in the timeline of the project in early 2013<a href="#cite_note-Mat-114">[112]</a> and, in September 2015, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polar_Pioneer_rig">Polar Pioneer rig</h4></div>

A June 2014 interview with the corporation's new executive vice president of the Arctic indicated that Shell will continue with its activity in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Ann-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Terry-115">[113]</a>

In <a href="Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> <a href="Seattle_Arctic_drilling_protests" title="Seattle Arctic drilling protests">protests began in May 2015</a> in response to the news that the <a href="Port_of_Seattle" title="Port of Seattle">Port of Seattle</a> made an agreement with Shell to berth rigs at the Port's Terminal 5 during the off-season of <a href="Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a> in <a href="Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskan</a> waters. The arrival of Shell's new Arctic drilling vessel, Polar Pioneer (<a href="IMO_number" title="IMO number">IMO number</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/imo:8754140">8754140</a>), a <a href="Semi-submersible" title="Semi-submersible">semi-submersible</a> <a href="Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore drilling</a> rig, was greeted by large numbers of environmental protesters paddling kayaks in <a href="Elliott_Bay" title="Elliott Bay">Elliott Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beekman2015a-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC2015-124">[122]</a>

On 6 May 2015, it was reported that during a coast guard inspection of Polar Pioneer, a piece of anti-pollution gear failed, resulting in fines and delay of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Oil executives from Total and Eni interviewed by the <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a>, expressed scepticism about Shell's new ambitions for offshore drilling in the Arctic, and cited economic and environmental hurdles. <a href="ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a> and <a href="Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor (formerly Statoil)</a> suspended Arctic drilling earlier, after Shell's failed attempt in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Shell_Australia" title="Shell Australia">Shell Australia</a></div>

On 20 May 2011, Shell's final investment decision for the world's first <a href="Floating_liquefied_natural_gas" title="Floating liquefied natural gas">floating liquefied natural gas</a> (FLNG) facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field—located off Australia's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves—in 2007. FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas, often too small to extract any other way.<a href="#cite_note-Post-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pete-128">[126]</a>

The <a href="Shell_floating_LNG_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell floating LNG plant">floating vessel</a> to be used for the Prelude field, known as <a href="Prelude_FLNG" title="Prelude FLNG">Prelude FLNG</a>, is promoted as the longest floating structure in the world and will take in the equivalent of 110,000 barrels of oil per day in natural gas—at a location 200 km (125 miles) off the coast of <a href="Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>—and cool it into liquefied natural gas for transport and sale in Asia. The Prelude is expected to start producing LNG in 2017<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a>—analysts estimated the total cost of construction at more than US$12 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Post-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pete-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a>

Following the decision by the Shell fuel corporation to close its <a href="Geelong_Oil_Refinery" title="Geelong Oil Refinery">Geelong Oil Refinery</a> in Australia in April 2013, a third consecutive annual loss was recorded for Shell's Australian refining and fuel marketing assets. Revealed in June 2013, the writedown is worth <a href="Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>203 million and was preceded by a A$638m writedown in 2012 and a A$407m writedown in 2011, after the closure of the <a href="Clyde_Refinery" title="Clyde Refinery">Clyde Refinery</a> in Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a>

In February 2014, Shell sold its Australian refinery and petrol stations for US$2.6 billion (A$2.9 billion) to Swiss company <a href="Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a>

At the time of the downstream sale to Vitol, Shell was expected to continue investment into Australian upstream projects, with projects that involve Chevron Corp., <a href="Woodside_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodside Petroleum">Woodside Petroleum</a> and Prelude.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-62">[62]</a> In June 2014, Shell sold 9.5% of its 23.1% stake in <a href="Woodside_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodside Petroleum">Woodside Petroleum</a> and advised that it had reached an agreement for Woodside to buy back 9.5% of its shares at a later stage. Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer <a href="Peter_Costello" title="Peter Costello">Peter Costello</a> and the corporation has been open about its intention to sell its stake in Woodside as part of its target to shed assets. At a general body meeting, held on 1 August 2014, 72 percent of shareholders voted to approve the buy-back, short of the 75 percent vote that was required for approval. A statement from Shell read: "Royal Dutch Shell acknowledges the outcome of Woodside Petroleum Limited's shareholders' negative vote on the selective buy-back proposal. Shell is reviewing its options in relation to its remaining 13.6 percent holding".<a href="#cite_note-ShellWoodside-133">[131]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei">Brunei</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Brunei_Shell_Petroleum" title="Brunei Shell Petroleum">Brunei Shell Petroleum</a></div>

Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) is a joint venture between the Government of <a href="Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and Shell.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> The British Malayan Petroleum Company (BMPC), owned by Royal Dutch Shell, first found commercial amounts of oil in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> It currently produces 350,000 barrels of oil and gas equivalent per day.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> BSP is the largest oil and gas company in Brunei, a sector which contributes 90% of government revenue.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> In 1954, the BMPC in Seria had a total of 1,277 European and Asian staff.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div>

The company has upstream operations in unconventional <a href="Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">oil</a> and <a href="Natural_gas_in_China" title="Natural gas in China">gas</a> in China. Shell has a joint venture with <a href="PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a> at the Changbei <a href="Tight_gas" title="Tight gas">tight gas</a> field in <a href="Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, which has produced natural gas since 2008. The company has also invested in exploring for <a href="Shale_oil" title="Shale oil">shale oil</a> in Sichuan.<a href="#cite_note-tightgas-139">[137]</a> The other unconventional resource which Shell invested in in China was shale. The company was an early entrant in shale oil exploration in China but scaled down operations in 2014 due to difficulties with geology and population density.<a href="#cite_note-shale-140">[138]</a> It has a joint venture to explore for <a href="Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> in Jilin through a joint venture with Jilin Guangzheng Mineral Development Company Limited.<a href="#cite_note-shell-141">[139]</a>

In May 2024, Shell announced an exit from China power market business to focus on more profitable operations.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a>

Shell has been active in Hong Kong for a century, providing Retail, LPG, Commercial Fuel, Lubricants, Bitumen, Aviation, Marine and Chemicals services, and products. Shell also sponsored the first Hong Kong-built aircraft, Inspiration, for its around-the-world trip.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div>

Shell India has inaugurated its new lubricants laboratory at its Technology Centre in <a href="Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3></div>

Shell started operating in Indonesia since 1928. Shell started operating <a href="Gas_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas stations">gas stations</a> in Indonesia since 1 November 2005. Its first gas station was located in <a href="Lippo_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippo Village">Lippo Karawaci</a>, <a href="Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a>. On 1 March 2006, Shell opened a gas station in <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> located on Jalan S. Parman (Slipi). As of 2022, the fuels that Shell sells in Indonesia are Shell Super, <a href="Shell_V-Power" title="Shell V-Power">Shell V-Power</a>, Shell V-Power Nitro+, <a href="Shell_V-Power_Diesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell V-Power Diesel">Shell V-Power Diesel</a> and Shell Diesel Extra.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div>

Shell first started trading in Ireland in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Shell E&P Ireland (SEPIL) (previously Enterprise Energy Ireland) is an Irish exploration and production subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. Its headquarters are on <a href="Leeson_Street" title="Leeson Street">Leeson Street</a> in Dublin. It was acquired in May 2002.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Its main project is the <a href="Corrib_gas_project" title="Corrib gas project">Corrib gas project</a>, a large gas field off the northwest coast, for which Shell has encountered <a href="Corrib_gas_controversy" title="Corrib gas controversy">controversy and protests</a> in relation to the onshore pipeline and licence terms.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a>

In 2005, Shell disposed of its entire retail and commercial fuels business in Ireland to <a href="Topaz_Energy" title="Topaz Energy">Topaz Energy</a> Group. This included depots, company-owned petrol stations and supply agreements stations throughout the island of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The retail outlets were re-branded as Topaz in 2008/9.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a>

The Topaz fuel network was subsequently acquired in 2015 by <a href="Alimentation_Couche-Tard" title="Alimentation Couche-Tard">Couchetard</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> and these stations began re-branding to <a href="Circle_K" title="Circle K">Circle K</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div>

Shell's activities in Italy began on 13 July 1912, with the creation of "Nafta",<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> based in <a href="La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>, founded after taking advantage of the weakness of the former <a href="Standard_Oil_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil Trust">Standard Oil Trust</a>, dissolved the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a>

During the <a href="First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Nafta abandoned the private sector, focusing on the war supplies to the <a href="Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian state</a>. During the conflict, the company expanded, with the opening of new plants in <a href="Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="Augusta%2C_Sicily" title="Augusta, Sicily">Augusta</a> and, after the end of hostilities, with the exploitation of further internal deposits.<a href="#cite_note-:2-155">[153]</a>

In the <a href="Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">first post-war period</a>, the company controlled the Italian internal market together with the SIAP, the local branch of the <a href="Esso" title="Esso">Standard of New Jersey (Esso)</a>. In 1921, under pressure from the CEO Giovanni Attilio Pozzo (then also elected president in 1923), the share capital was increased reaching 100 million lire.<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a> The products sold at the time included "Bentero Shell" and "Aureola Petroli".<a href="#cite_note-:2-155">[153]</a>

In 1922, despite the difficult economic situation of the country, the company grew, and the new <a href="Vado_Ligure" title="Vado Ligure">Vado Ligure</a> plant was inaugurated.<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a> The inauguration, however, caused a short political clash between the Prime Minister <a href="Luigi_Facta" title="Luigi Facta">Facta</a> and the <a href="Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">socialist</a> <a href="Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">deputy</a> Tonello, who in a <a href="Parliamentary_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary question">parliamentary question</a> harshly criticized the official telegram sent by Facta to "Nafta" on the occasion of the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a> In the same year, the works for a coastal system in <a href="Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> also continued.<a href="#cite_note-:2-155">[153]</a>

The birth of <a href="Agip" title="Agip">Agip</a> created some disagreements between Nafta and the <a href="Ministry_of_Economic_Development_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Development (Italy)">Ministry of the National Economy</a>, which in 1926 asked the Prefects to subordinate the release of new concessions for the plant of <a href="Petrol_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol station">petrol stations</a> to an approval estimate of Agip; the question was resolved peacefully in 1927 on the initiative of the Italian company itself.<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a>

At the end of the decade, taking advantage of a particularly advantageous legislation, the company launched into the <a href="Refining_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Refining industry">refining sector</a>, with the establishment of subsidiary companies in La Spezia.<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a>

On 27 April 1939, Pozzo left "Nafta", after twenty years at the head of the company. The company controlled about 20% of the Italian market at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a>

On 8 August 1940, following Italy's entry into the <a href="Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Nafta was seized and placed under the management of Agip, followed the following year by the US companies operating in Italy (<a href="Esso" title="Esso">SIAP</a>, <a href="Mobil" title="Mobil">Vacuum</a>, <a href="Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a>). On 30 July 1942 foreign oil companies were officially transferred to Agip, although the integration of their activities was somewhat complex and remained substantially unfinished. On 22 October 1945, after the end of hostilities, the measures were abandoned and the NAFTA and the other companies, under the guidance of the Italian Petroli Committee, returned to normal activity.<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a>

In 1949 the company, now fully restored, was renamed "Shell Italiana S.p.A". with a share capital of more than 2 billion lira.<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a> Still in the early 1960s, Shell covered about 20% of the Italian oil needs.<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a>

The Italian Shell was the first company to be advertised with <a href="Carosello" title="Carosello">Carosello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a>

In 1959 the company purchased the former Condor refinery of <a href="Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a> and in 1967 it built a large plant in <a href="Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a> whose works began in 1964 with an initial investment of 25 billion lire.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a>

Shell remained active in the country until April 1974 when, following difficulties in the oil sector caused by the <a href="Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Kippur War</a> and the general conditions of the Italian economy, now not very favorable, the old company was sold to <a href="Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a>, which became <a href="Italiana_Petroli" class="mw-redirect" title="Italiana Petroli">Italiana Petroli (IP)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-154">[152]</a> The company then returned to the fuel distribution in 1980,<a href="#cite_note-:3-159">[157]</a> with the acquisition of the <a href="Conoco" title="Conoco">Conoco</a> network,<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> while in 1987 the joint venture with <a href="Montedison" class="mw-redirect" title="Montedison">Montedison</a> which led to the creation of <a href="MonteShell" title="MonteShell">MonteShell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a>

In July 2014 Shell gave its network of service stations and fuel deposits in Italy to the <a href="Kuwait_Petroleum_International" title="Kuwait Petroleum International">Kuwait Petroleum Italia</a> (Q8).<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a>

In 2022 an agreement was announced with the Pad Multiegy company, for the brand to be restored and Shell products to be sold in over 500 Italian service stations,<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> the first of which was inaugurated in March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a>

In Italy today Shell operates through Shell Italia S.p.A. controlled by Shell Italia Finanza S.p.A. The main locations are in <a href="Sesto_San_Giovanni" title="Sesto San Giovanni">Sesto San Giovanni</a> and <a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3></div>

Shell discovered the first oil well in Borneo in 1910, in <a href="Miri" title="Miri">Miri</a>, Sarawak. Today, the oil well is a state monument known as the Grand Old Lady. In 1914, following this discovery, Shell built Borneo's first oil refinery and laid a submarine pipeline in <a href="Miri" title="Miri">Miri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Shell_Nigeria" title="Shell Nigeria">Shell Nigeria</a></div>

Shell began production in <a href="Shell_Nigeria" title="Shell Nigeria">Nigeria</a> in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> In <a href="Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, Shell told US diplomats that it had placed staff in all the main ministries of the <a href="Federal_government_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government of Nigeria">government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grip-169">[167]</a> Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich <a href="Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a> as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> In August 2014, the company disclosed it was in the process of finalizing the sale of its interests in four <a href="Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum industry in Nigeria">Nigerian oil fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ShellNigeria-172">[170]</a> On 29 January 2021 a Dutch court ruled that Shell was responsible for multiple oil leaks in Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a>

The actions of companies like Shell has led to extreme <a href="Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Environmental issues in the Niger Delta">environmental issues in the Niger Delta</a>. Many pipelines in the Niger Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> The heavy contamination of the air, ground and water with toxic pollutants by the oil industry in the Niger Delta is often used as an example of <a href="Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> This has led to mass protests from the <a href="Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a> inhabitants, <a href="Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, and <a href="Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a> the Netherlands against Shell. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by <a href="Environmental_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental group">environmental</a> and <a href="Human_rights_group" title="Human rights group">human rights groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nordic_countries">Nordic countries</h3></div>

On 27 August 2007, Shell and <a href="Reitan_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Reitan Group">Reitan Group</a>, the owner of the <a href="7-Eleven" title="7-Eleven">7-Eleven</a> brand in <a href="Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, Sweden, <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different <a href="Competition_law" title="Competition law">competition laws</a> in each country.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> In April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> In October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in <a href="Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden were sold to <a href="St1" title="St1">St1</a>, a Finnish energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Shell gas stations in Norway were taken over by St1 in 2015, but continued operating under the Shell brand until 2025.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Shell_USA" title="Shell USA">Shell USA</a> and <a href="Shell_Canada" title="Shell Canada">Shell Canada</a></div>

Through most of Shell's early history, the <a href="Shell_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell US">Shell US</a> business in the United States was substantially independent. Its stock was traded on the <a href="NYSE" class="mw-redirect" title="NYSE">NYSE</a>, and the group's central office had little direct involvement in running the operation. However, in 1984, Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and, despite opposition from some minority shareholders which led to a court case, Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $5.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-hayes-186">[184]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3></div>

Royal Dutch Shell operates in the <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> under its subsidiary, Shell Pilipinas Corporation or SPC. Its headquarters is in <a href="Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a> and it has facilities in the <a href="Pandacan%2C_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandacan, Manila">Pandacan oil depot</a> and other key locations.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a>

In January 2010, the <a href="Bureau_of_Customs" title="Bureau of Customs">Bureau of Customs</a> claimed 7.34 billion pesos worth of unpaid <a href="Excise_taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise taxes">excise taxes</a> against Pilipinas Shell for importing Catalytic cracked gasoline (CCG) and light catalytic cracked gasoline (LCCG) stating that those imports are bound for tariff charges.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a>

In August 2016, Pilipinas Shell filed an application to sell US$629 million worth of primary and secondary shares to the investing public (registration statement) with the <a href="Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Securities and Exchange Commission (Philippines)">SEC</a>. This was a prelude to filing its IPO listing application with the <a href="Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Philippine Stock Exchange</a>. On 3 November 2016 the Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation was officially listed on the <a href="Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Philippine Stock Exchange</a> under the ticker symbol SHLPH after they held its <a href="Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> on 19 to 25 October of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a>

Due to the economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the global, regional and local economies, continually low refining margins, and competition with imported refined products, the management of Pilipinas Shell announced in August 2020 that the 110,000 bbl/d refinery in Tabangao, Batangas, which started operations in 1962, will be shutting down permanently and turned into an import terminal instead.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div>

In February 2022, Shell exited all its joint ventures with <a href="Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> because of the <a href="2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> and, in March 2022, Shell announced that it would stop buying oil from Russia and close all its service stations there.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> In April 2022, it emerged that Shell was to book up to $5 billion in impairment charges from exiting its interests in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3></div>

Singapore is the main centre for Shell's petrochemical operations in the Asia Pacific region. Shell Eastern Petroleum limited (SEPL) have their refinery located in Singapore's <a href="Pulau_Bukom" title="Pulau Bukom">Pulau Bukom</a> island. They also operate as Shell Chemicals Seraya in <a href="Jurong_Island" title="Jurong Island">Jurong Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> In November 2020, Shell announced that, as part of efforts to curtail pollution emissions, it will cut its oil-processing capacity in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div>

Shell Downstream SA (SDSA) was created through a merger of Shell South Africa and <a href="BBBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="BBBEE">BBBEE</a> company Thebe Investment Corporation. The South African <a href="Department_of_Mineral_Resources_and_Energy" title="Department of Mineral Resources and Energy">Department of Mineral Resources and Energy</a> granted Shell exploration rights in the country, and it has been operating in South Africa since 1902.<a href="#cite_note-What_will_happen_to_Shell_petrol_stations_in_South_Africa-196">[194]</a>

The company also owns an oil refinery in <a href="Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, which has been closed since the end of March 2022. On 6 May 2024, Shell indicated its intent to exit the South African downstream market. This includes its refining, transport, and retail offerings. It is as yet unknown what will happen to its gas stations.<a href="#cite_note-Shell_kisses_South_African_service_stations_and_refinery_goodbye-197">[195]</a>

Shell is a member of the <a href="Fuels_Industry_Association_of_South_Africa" title="Fuels Industry Association of South Africa">Fuels Industry Association of South Africa</a> (FIASA), and was one of its founding members when the organization launched in 1994.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3></div>

Prior to the 1960s, Shell was one of the major multinational corporations operating in Sri Lanka, alongside companies like <a href="Esso" title="Esso">Esso</a> and <a href="Caltex" title="Caltex">Caltex</a>. These companies played pivotal roles in importing, distributing, and retailing petroleum products across the country. However, in 1962, under the leadership of Prime Minister <a href="Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a>, the <a href="Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan government</a> <a href="Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized</a> the assets of these oil giants. This move aimed to reduce foreign dominance in key economic sectors and led to the establishment of the <a href="Ceylon_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Ceylon Petroleum Corporation">Ceylon Petroleum Corporation</a> (CPC), granting it exclusive rights over the importation, sale, export, and distribution of most petroleum products in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-:22-198">[196]</a>

After a period of reduced presence, Shell re-entered the Sri Lankan market in the mid-1990s. In 1996, Shell acquired a 51% stake in the <a href="Litro_Gas" title="Litro Gas">Colombo Gas Company</a> for $37 million, marking its significant return to the country's energy sector. This acquisition led to the establishment of Shell Gas Lanka Limited, which managed the importation, storage, and distribution of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a>

In recent years, Shell has signaled its intent to re-establish a presence in Sri Lanka's fuel retailing market. In collaboration with RM Parks and Tristar, Shell announced plans to introduce Shell-branded fuel stations in the country, marking a significant return to the Sri Lankan energy landscape. On 26 February 2025, Shell marked its return to Sri Lanka's fuel retail market by inaugurating its first Shell-branded fuel station in over six decades. This station is located at the B.S. Cooray Filling Station in Ambathale, Colombo District.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

In the UK sector of the <a href="North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> Shell employs around 4,500 staff in Scotland as well as an additional 1,000 service contractors: however in August 2014 it announced it was laying off 250 of them, mainly in <a href="Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ShellUK-201">[199]</a> Shell paid no UK taxes on its North Sea operations over the period 2018 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_energy">Alternative energy</h2></div>

In the early 2000s Shell moved into <a href="Alternative_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative energy">alternative energy</a> and there is now an embryonic "<a href="Renewables" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewables">Renewables</a>" business that has made investments in <a href="Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>, <a href="Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, <a href="Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, and <a href="Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>. The forestry business went the way of nuclear, coal, metals and electricity generation, and was disposed of in 2003. In 2006 Shell paid <a href="SolarWorld" title="SolarWorld">SolarWorld</a> to take over its entire solar business<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> and in 2008, the company withdrew from the <a href="London_Array" title="London Array">London Array</a> which when built was the world's largest offshore wind farm.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a>

Shell also is involved in large-scale hydrogen projects. HydrogenForecast.com describes Shell's approach thus far as consisting of "baby steps", but with an underlying message of "extreme optimism".<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> In 2015, the company announced plans to install hydrogen fuel pumps across Germany, planning on having 400 locations in operation by 2023.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a>

Shell holds 44% of <a href="Ra%C3%ADzen" title="Raízen">Raízen</a>, a joint venture with Brazilian sugarcane producer <a href="Cosan" title="Cosan">Cosan</a> which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company by revenues and a major producer of <a href="Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugarcane_Ethanol-16">[16]</a> In 2015, the company partnered with Brazilian start-up company Insolar to install solar panels in <a href="Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> to deliver electricity to the <a href="Favela_Santa_Marta" title="Favela Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a> neighbourhood.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a>

Shell is the operator and major shareholder of The <a href="Shell_Canada" title="Shell Canada">Shell Canada</a> Quest Energy project, based within the Athabasca Oil Sands Project, located near <a href="Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a>, Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-auto-208">[206]</a> It holds a 60% share, alongside <a href="Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron Canada Limited</a>, which holds 20%, and Marathon Canadian Oil Sands Holding Limited, which holds the final 20%.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Commercial operations launched in November 2015. It was the world's first commercial-scale oil and sand <a href="Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture storage (CCS)</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-auto-208">[206]</a> It is expected to reduce CO2 emissions in Canada by 1.08 million tonnes per year.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a>

In December 2016, Shell won the auction for the 700 MW <a href="Borssele_Offshore_Wind_Farm" title="Borssele Offshore Wind Farm">Borssele III & IV</a> <a href="Offshore_wind_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore wind farm">offshore wind farms</a> at a price of 5.45 <a href="Euro" title="Euro">c</a>/kWh, beating 6 other <a href="Consortium" title="Consortium">consortia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> In June 2018, it was announced that the company and its co-investor <a href="Partners_Group" title="Partners Group">Partners Group</a> had secured $1.5bn for the project, which also involves <a href="Eneco" title="Eneco">Eneco</a>, <a href="Van_Oord" title="Van Oord">Van Oord</a>, and Mitsubishi/DGE.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a>

In October 2017, it bought Europe's biggest vehicle charging network, "NewMotion".<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a>

In November 2017, Shell's CEO Ben van Beurden announced Shell's plan to cut half of its carbon emissions by 2050, and 20 percent by 2035. In this regard, Shell promised to spend $2 billion annually on renewable energy sources. Shell began to develop its wind energy segment in 2001, the company now operates six wind farms in the United States and is part of a plan to build two offshore wind farms in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a>

In December 2017, the company announced plans to buy UK household energy and broadband provider <a href="First_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="First Utility">First Utility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> In March 2019 it rebranded to <a href="Shell_Energy" title="Shell Energy">Shell Energy</a> and announced that all electricity would be supplied from renewable sources.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a>

In December 2018, the company announced that it had partnered with <a href="SkyNRG" title="SkyNRG">SkyNRG</a> to begin supplying <a href="Sustainable_aviation_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable aviation fuel">sustainable aviation fuel</a> to airlines operating out of <a href="San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco Airport (SFO)</a>, including <a href="KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>, <a href="Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">SAS</a>, and <a href="Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> In the same month, the company announced plans to double its renewable energy budget to investment in low-carbon energy to $4 billion US each year, with an aim to spend up to $2 billion US on renewable energy by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a>

In January 2018, the company acquired a 44% interest in Silicon Ranch, a solar energy company run by <a href="Matt_Kisber" title="Matt Kisber">Matt Kisber</a>, as part of its global New Energies project.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> The company took over from Partners Group, paying up to an estimated $217 million for the minority interest.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a>

In February 2019, the company acquired German solar battery company <a href="Sonnen_GmbH" title="Sonnen GmbH">Sonnen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> It first invested in the company in May 2018 as part of its New Energies project.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> As of late 2021, the company had 800 employees and has installed 70.000 home battery systems.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a>

On 27 February 2019, the company acquired British VPP operator Limejump for an undisclosed amount.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a>

In July 2019, Shell installed their first 150 kW electric car chargers at its London <a href="Filling_station" title="Filling station">petrol stations</a> with payments handled via SMOOV. They also plan to provide 350 kW chargers in Europe by entering into an agreement with <a href="IONITY" title="IONITY">IONITY</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a>

On 26 January 2021, Shell said it would buy 100 per cent of Ubitricity, owner of the largest public charging network for <a href="Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom">electric vehicles in the United Kingdom</a>, as the company expands its presence along the power supply chain.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> In 2023, Shell announced that it would rebrand its Ubitricity chargepoints under its Shell Recharge brand.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a>

On 25 February 2021, Shell announced the acquisition of German Virtual Power Plant (VPP) company Next Kraftwerke for an undisclosed amount. Next Kraftwerke connects renewable electricity generation- and storage projects to optimize the usage of those assets. The company mostly operates in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a>

In November 2022, it was announced Shell's wholly owned subsidiary, Shell Petroleum NV, had acquired the <a href="Odense" title="Odense">Odense</a>-headquartered <a href="Renewable_natural_gas" title="Renewable natural gas">renewable natural gas</a> producer, Nature Energy Biogas A/S for nearly US$2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership">Ownership</h2></div>

Shell is mainly owned by institutional investors. The 10 largest shareholders of Shell plc in early 2024 were:<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[97]</a>

<ul><li><a href="BlackRock" title="BlackRock">BlackRock Investment Management UK</a> (4.061%)</li>

<li><a href="The_Vanguard_Group" title="The Vanguard Group">Vanguard</a> (3.710%)</li>

<li><a href="Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">Norges Bank</a> (3.013%)</li>

<li><a href="BlackRock" title="BlackRock">BlackRock Fund Advisors</a> (2.865%)</li>

<li><a href="BlackRock" title="BlackRock">BlackRock Advisors UK</a> (1.352%)</li>

<li><a href="Legal_%26_General" title="Legal & General">Legal & General</a> (1.315%)</li>

<li><a href="State_Street_Global_Advisors" class="mw-redirect" title="State Street Global Advisors">State Street Global Advisors</a> (1.278%)</li>

<li><a href="Clearstream_Banking_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Clearstream Banking S.A.">Clearstream Banking S.A.</a> (1.168%)</li>

<li><a href="The_Vanguard_Group" title="The Vanguard Group">Vanguard Global Advisors</a> (0.9965%)</li>

<li><a href="Geode_Capital_Management" title="Geode Capital Management">Geode Capital Management</a> (0.7262%)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_capture_storage_beneath_the_sea_bed">Carbon capture storage beneath the sea bed</h3></div>

In 2020, the <a href="Carbon_capture_and_storage#Norway" title="Carbon capture and storage">Northern Lights CCS project</a> was announced, which is a joint project between Equinor, Shell and Total, operating in the European Union (Norway) and aiming to store liquid CO2 beneath the seabed.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing_oil_in_the_Amazon">Processing oil in the Amazon</h3></div>

Environmentalists have expressed concern that Shell is processing oil from the <a href="Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon region</a> of South America. In the United States, the Martinez refinery (CA) and the Puget Sound Refinery (WA) carry Amazonian oil. In 2015, 14% of the Martinez refinery's gross, at 19,570 barrels per day, came from the Amazon.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_in_the_hump_back_whale_breeding_grounds">Operating in the hump back whale breeding grounds</h3></div>

In December 2021, Royal Dutch Shell decided to move ahead with seismic tests to explore for oil in <a href="Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a> breeding grounds along South Africa's eastern coastline.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> On 3 December 2021, a South African high court struck down an urgent application brought by environmentalists to stop the project, which will involve a vessel regularly firing an air gun that produces a very powerful shock wave underwater to help map subsea geology. According to Greenpeace Africa and the South African Deep Sea Angling Association, this could cause "irreparable harm" to the marine environment, especially to migrating humpback whales in the area.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div>

Measured by both its own emissions, and the emissions of all the fossil fuels it sells, Shell was the <a href="Top_contributors_to_greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Top contributors to greenhouse gas emissions">ninth-largest corporate producer of greenhouse gas emissions</a> in the period 1988–2015.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> The burning of the fossil fuels produced by Shell are responsible for 1.67% of global industrial <a href="Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from 1988 to 2015.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a>

In the past, Shell has been a part of lobbying and trade groups that are against climate policy and promote climate skepticism.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a>

In 2017, a public information film ("Climate of Concern") unseen for years resurfaced and showed Shell had clear grasp of global warming 26 years earlier but has not acted accordingly since, said critics.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jelmer_Mommers_Damian_Carrington_2017-242">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jelmer_Mommers_2017-243">[241]</a> During the years of 2010–2018, only 1% of Shell's long-term investments were dedicated to sources of low-carbon energy such as wind and solar. In the years of 2015–2017, just 0.4% of its revenue was put towards low-carbon technology.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-244">[242]</a>

Shell failed to meet its own target in 2020 to spend $6 billion on renewable energy. In 2021, 30% of Shell’s shareholders voted for a climate resolution filed by <a href="Shareholder_activism" title="Shareholder activism">shareholder advocacy</a> group <a href="Follow_This_(organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Follow This (organisation)">Follow This</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Still, it is estimated that Shell is not on track to meet its own investment target for 2025, and that the company needs to direct over half of its capital expenditures (nearly $10 billion per year) to zero carbon investments to meet its long-term net-zero targets.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-244">[242]</a> In April 2020, Shell announced plans to achieve <a href="Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">net zero greenhouse gas emissions</a> by 2050 or sooner.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-246">[244]</a> They also pledged to reduce carbon intensity of all energy products by 20% by 2030, and 45% by 2035 (compared to 2016 levels.)<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> However, internal documents from the company released by the Democratic-led House committee reveal a private 2020 communication saying Shell does not have any plans to bring emissions to zero for next 10–20 years.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a>

In March 2024, Shell CEO Wael Sawan announced that the company would moderate its near-term carbon emissions reduction targets, revising its reduction in <a href="Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">net carbon intensity</a> of third-party use of products down to 15% from 20% and dropping its target of a 45% reduction in carbon emissions by 2035 from a 2016 baseline.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a>

Shell plc reported 58 million metric tons of emissions from its operations in 2024 with 50 million metric tons coming from Scope 1 sources and 8 million metric tons coming from Scope 2 sources. This high level of emissions is a result of Shell plc's main business activities, which include gas production and oil refining. Actually, industries with a high environmental risk account for 100% of the company's revenue, with consumable fuels making up 89.7% of this total.<a href="#cite_note-:04-251">[249]</a> Even if Shell cut methane emissions by 19.5% and gas flaring by 14.3% in a single year, its green revenue is still only 0.2%.<a href="#cite_note-:04-251">[249]</a> Additionally, there are extremely high environmental risks associated with the company's value chain, particularly with regard to greenhouse gas emissions and ecosystem change.<a href="#cite_note-:04-251">[249]</a>

Shell's company faces risks and challenges as a result of climate change. The corporation works in high-risk industries that could be impacted by public opinion and laws related to climate change. The fact that 3% of Shell's assets are located in pristine areas, for instance, may cause future disputes and more strict laws.<a href="#cite_note-:04-251">[249]</a> Shell has declared a transition strategy and a target of achieving net zero emissions by 2050 in order to address these threats. By 2024, Shell had exceeded its goal of reducing emissions by 30% over a 14-year period.<a href="#cite_note-:04-251">[249]</a> Its emissions, particularly those from Scope 3, are still greater than some industry standards, nonetheless.<a href="#cite_note-:04-251">[249]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Litigation">Litigation</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Milieudefensie_et_al_v_Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell">Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell</a></div>

On 5 April 2019, <a href="Milieudefensie" title="Milieudefensie">Milieudefensie</a> (<a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> for "environmental defense"), together with six NGOs and more than 17,000 citizens, sued Shell, accusing the company of harming the climate despite knowing about global warming since 1986.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> In May 2021, the district court of <a href="The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> ruled that Shell must reduce <a href="Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a> by 45% by 2030 (compared to 2019 levels).<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a>

Shell contested the 2021 ruling, contendeding that the ruling exceeded judicial authority and could lead to counterproductive outcomes. The outcome was anticipated to significantly impact Shell's operations and influence European energy companies' climate policies.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> On 12 November 2024, The Hague's appeals court dismissed the 2021 ruling that had required Shell to cut its absolute carbon emissions by 45% by 2030, relative to 2019 levels, including emissions resulting from the use of its products.<a href="#cite_note-:0-256">[254]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_spills">Oil spills</h3></div>

<ul><li>Shell was responsible for around 21,000 gallons of oil spilled near <a href="Tracy%2C_California" title="Tracy, California">Tracy, California</a>, in May 2016 due to a pipeline crack.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a></li>

<li>Shell was responsible for an 88,200-gallon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in May 2016.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a></li>

<li>Two ruptures in a Shell Oil Co. pipeline in <a href="Altamont%2C_California" title="Altamont, California">Altamont, California</a> – one in September 2015 and another in May 2016 – led to questions on whether the Office of the State Fire Marshal, charged with overseeing the pipeline, was doing an adequate job.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a></li>

<li>On 29 January 2021, a Dutch court ordered Royal Dutch Shell plc's Nigerian unit to compensate for oil spills in two villages over 13 years ago. Shell Nigeria is liable for damages from pipeline leaks in the villages of Oruma and Goi, the Hague Court of Appeals said in a ruling. Shell said that it should not be liable, as the spills were the result of sabotage.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_greenwashing">Accusations of greenwashing</h3></div>

On 2 September 2002, Shell chairman Philip Watts accepted the "Greenwash Lifetime Achievement Award" from the Greenwash Academy's Oscar Green, near the World Summit on Sustainable Development.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a>

In 2007, British <a href="Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">ASA</a> ruled against a Shell ad involving chimneys spewing flowers, which depicted Shell's waste management policies, claiming it was misleading the public about Shell's environmental impact.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a>

In 2008, the British ASA ruled that Shell had misled the public in an advertisement when it claimed that a $10 billion <a href="Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a> project in <a href="Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada, was a "sustainable energy source".<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a>

In 2021, <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> officials told Shell to stop running a campaign which claimed customers could turn their fuel "carbon neutral" by buying offsets, as it was concluded that this claim was devoid of evidence.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a>

In December 2022, <a href="United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform">U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee</a> Chair <a href="Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">Carolyn Maloney</a> and <a href="United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_Environment" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Environment">U.S. House Oversight Environment Subcommittee</a> Chair <a href="Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Ro Khanna</a> sent a memorandum to all House Oversight and Reform Committee members summarizing additional findings from the committee's investigation into the fossil fuel industry disinformation campaign to obscure the role of fossil fuels in causing global warming, and that upon reviewing internal company documents, accused Shell along with <a href="BP" title="BP">BP</a>, <a href="Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron Corporation</a>, and <a href="ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> of <a href="Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a> their <a href="Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <a href="Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> pledges while continuing long-term investment in fossil fuel production and sales, for engaging in a campaign to promote the use of natural gas as a clean energy source and bridge fuel to renewable energy, and of intimidating journalists reporting about the companies' climate actions and of obstructing the committee's investigation, which ExxonMobil, Shell, and the <a href="American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a> denied.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h3></div>

A number of incidents over the years led to criticism of Shell's <a href="Health_and_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Health and safety">health and safety</a> record, including repeated warnings by the <a href="Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">UK Health and Safety Executive</a> about the poor state of the company's North Sea platforms.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3></div>

Shell already had previous experience exiting markets that were subject to sanctions pressure from NATO or EU member states. In particular, in 2013, Shell announced that it was suspending its operations in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> On 8 March 2022, Shell announced its intention to phase out all Russian hydrocarbon production and acquisition projects, including crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG). In early 2022, the company was criticized by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine for its slow response to the Russian invasion.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> As of April 2023, Shell still had shares in Russian companies, such as 27.5% in Sakhalin Energy Investment Company (SEIC), a joint venture with Gazprom (50%), Mitsui (12.5%) and Mitsubishi (10%).<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="royaldutchshellplc.com">royaldutchshellplc.com</h3></div>

This domain name was first registered by a former marketing manager for Royal Dutch Shell plc, Alfred Donovan, and has been used as a "<a href="Gripe_site" title="Gripe site">gripe site</a>".<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> It avoids being an illegal <a href="Cybersquatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersquatter">cybersquatter</a> as long as it is non-commercial, active, and no attempt is made to sell the domain name, as determined by <a href="WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a> proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> In 2005, Donovan said he would relinquish the site to Shell after it "gets rid of all the management he deems responsible for its various recent woes".<a href="#cite_note-Relinquish-277">[275]</a> The site has been recognized by several media outlets for its role as an <a href="Internet_leak" title="Internet leak">Internet leak</a>. In 2008, the <a href="Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> published an article based on a letter published by royaldutchshellplc.com,<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> which <a href="Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> and <a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> also covered shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> On 18 October 2006, the site published an article stating that Shell had for some time been supplying information to the Russian government relating to <a href="Sakhalin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakhalin II">Sakhalin II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rise-281">[279]</a> The Russian energy company <a href="Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> subsequently obtained a 50% stake in the Sakhalin-II project.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> Other instances where the site has acted as an Internet leak include a 2007 <a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> outsourcing plan,<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> as well as a 2008 internal memo where CEO <a href="Jeroen_van_der_Veer" title="Jeroen van der Veer">Jeroen van der Veer</a> expressed disappointment in the company's share-price performance.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a>

The gripe site has also been recognized as a source of information regarding Shell by several news sources. In the 2006 <a href="Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> rankings, in which Royal Dutch Shell placed third, royaldutchshellplc.com was listed alongside shell.com as a source of information.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> In 2007, the site was described as "a hub for activists and disgruntled former employees".<a href="#cite_note-DT-286">[284]</a> A 2009 article called royaldutchshellplc.com "the world's most effective adversarial Web site".<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> The site has been described as "an open wound for Shell".<a href="#cite_note-Rise-281">[279]</a>

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</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">

<ul><li><a href="Bataafse_Petroleum_Maatschappij" title="Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij">Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a></li>

<li><a href="Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li>

<li><a href="Lensbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lensbury">Lensbury</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_companies_based_in_London" title="List of companies based in London">List of companies based in London</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Guides" title="Shell Guides">Shell Guides</a>, a series of <a href="Guidebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Guidebook">guidebooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_V-Power" title="Shell V-Power">Shell V-Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Service_Station_(Winston-Salem%2C_North_Carolina)" title="Shell Service Station (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)">Shell Service Station (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)</a></li>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Data is based on the 2022 <a href="Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a>.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-bgcombin-12"><a href="#cite_ref-bgcombin_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030005314/http://www.shell.com/investors/pre-combination-bg-group-publications/recommended-cash-and-share-offer-for-bg-group-plc-by-royal-dutch-shell-plc/_jcr_content/par/textimage_931903780.stream/1447807511882/0d4c28106256a8fda81c66a7abeca10ab78288bd4407420d3ae8f385a8870849/offer-announcement-royaldutchshellplc-bggroupplc.pdf">"8 Apr 2015 – Recommended Cash and Share Offer Announcement"</a> (PDF). Royal Dutch Shell plc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shell.com/investors/pre-combination-bg-group-publications/recommended-cash-and-share-offer-for-bg-group-plc-by-royal-dutch-shell-plc/_jcr_content/par/textimage_931903780.stream/1447807511882/0d4c28106256a8fda81c66a7abeca10ab78288bd4407420d3ae8f385a8870849/offer-announcement-royaldutchshellplc-bggroupplc.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMacAlister2007" class="citation news cs1">MacAlister, Terry (5 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/mar/05/oilandpetrol.news">"Shell safety record in North Sea takes a hammering"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102173324/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/mar/05/oilandpetrol.news">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/shell-prekrashchaet-rabotu-v-sirii-za-sanktsiy-evrosoyuz-03122011134800">"Shell припиняє роботу в Сирії через санкції Євросоюзу"</a>. RBC-Ukraine. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-kuleba-shell-rosiiska-nafta/31737724.html">"Kuleba criticized Shell: "doesn't Russian oil smell like the blood of Ukrainians?""</a>. Radio Svoboda. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/apr/12/shell-sakhalin-2-gas-project-stake">"Shell may get nearly £1bn from sale of stake in Russian gas project"</a>. The Guardian. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCummins2005" class="citation news cs1">Cummins, Chip (2 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shellnews.net/PDFs/WallStreetJourn2June2005.pdf">"Shell Wages Legal Fight Over Web Domain Name"</a> (PDF). <a href="The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815210536/http://shellnews.net/PDFs/WallStreetJourn2June2005.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGervais2005" class="citation web cs1">Gervais, Daniel J (8 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisions/html/2005/d2005-0538.html">"WIPO ADMIN PANEL DECISION"</a>. <a href="World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090708135616/http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisions/html/2005/d2005-0538.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Relinquish-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Relinquish_277-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWalsh2005" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Dominic (16 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612023745/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article555591.ece">"In a Spin on Report"</a>. <a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article555591.ece">the original</a> on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/09b3abec-c899-11dd-b86f-000077b07658">"Shell pension scheme value falls 40%"</a>. Financial Times. 12 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517132043/https://www.ft.com/content/09b3abec-c899-11dd-b86f-000077b07658">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/shell-pension-idINLC63507620081212">"UPDATE 4-Shell's pension underfunded, contributions rise"</a>. Reuters. 12 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603030224/https://www.reuters.com/article/shell-pension-idINLC63507620081212">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStiff" class="citation news cs1">Stiff, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/hsbc-hit-by-fear-factor-as-downturn-spreads-to-asia-xw62vggs78j">"HSBC hit by fear factor as downturn spreads to Asia"</a>. <a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603030224/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hsbc-hit-by-fear-factor-as-downturn-spreads-to-asia-xw62vggs78j">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rise-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rise_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rise_281-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrower2007" class="citation web cs1">Brower, Derek (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=8209">"Rise of the Gripe Site"</a>. <a href="Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525045725/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=8209">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMacalister2007" class="citation news cs1">Macalister, Terry (19 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/apr/19/oilandpetrol.news">"Thin Smile from Shell as it Sells Sakhalin Stake"</a>. <a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140406015825/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/apr/19/oilandpetrol.news">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBergin2007" class="citation news cs1">Bergin, Tom (21 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204171136/http://www.itpro.co.uk/news/154929/shells-it-outsourcing-plans-lambasted.html">"Shell to Cut Thousands of IT Jobs"</a>. <a href="Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itpro.co.uk/news/154929/shells-it-outsourcing-plans-lambasted.html">the original</a> on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChazan2008" class="citation news cs1">Chazan, Guy (18 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120577892806742507">"Shell Addresses Output Issue"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603030230/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120577892806742507">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/07/24/8381730/index.htm">"Executive Bookmark"</a>. <a href="Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>. 24 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525085402/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/07/24/8381730/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DT-286"><a href="#cite_ref-DT_286-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGarside2007" class="citation news cs1">Garside, Juliette (10 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/migrationtemp/2815430/Online-revolutionaries.html">"Online Revolutionaries"</a>. <a href="Sunday_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/migrationtemp/2815430/Online-revolutionaries.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEringer2007" class="citation web cs1">Eringer, Robert (10 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shellnews.net/wikipedia/7FEBRUARY2009GRIPESanta%20Barbara%20News-Press.pdf">"Gripe Sites are All the Rage Now"</a> (PDF). <a href="Santa_Barbara_News-Press" title="Santa Barbara News-Press">Santa Barbara News-Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724062937/http://shellnews.net/wikipedia/7FEBRUARY2009GRIPESanta%20Barbara%20News-Press.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2009 – via ShellNews.net.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioned_works">Commissioned works</h3></div>

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</style><div class="refbegin" style="">

(In chronological order)

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, P. G. A. (2015) [Originally published in London: Shell Marketing Co., 1919]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rLFvswEACAAJ">The Shell That Hit Germany Hardest</a>. London: Forgotten Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781332281633</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111243/https://books.google.com/books?id=rLFvswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVgRAQAAMAAJ">Shell ... Soldier and Civilian</a>. New York: Shell Union Oil Corporation. 1945. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1979498">1979498</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111211/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVgRAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTjMgEACAAJ">Canada Oil. A Century of Progress</a>. Montréal: Shell Oil Company of Canada. 1951. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150432098">150432098</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111211/https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTjMgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jdQAQAAMAAJ">The Technical Man in Oil Production</a>. Los Angeles: Shell Oil Company. 1954. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5731010">5731010</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111232/https://books.google.com/books?id=2jdQAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBeaton1957" class="citation book cs1">Beaton, Kendall (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvSvXwAACAAJ">Enterprise in Oil, a History of Shell in the United States</a>. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/236680">236680</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111154/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvSvXwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDotreville1958" class="citation book cs1">Dotreville, P.V.B.A. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3E1GwAACAAJ">Belgian Shell Company, 1908–1958</a>. Brussels: Shell Oil Company. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/66950829">66950829</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111236/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3E1GwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Vf6SAAACAAJ">Renseignements généraux sur la Shell Oil Company of Canada, Limited, 50e anniversaire, 1911–1961</a> (in French). Toronto: Shell Oil Company of Canada. 1961. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503096409">503096409</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111213/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Vf6SAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFForbes1965" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, R. J. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofrkzAEACAAJ">A Chronology of Oil: With Special Reference to the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies</a> (2nd, rev. ed.). Den Haag: <a href="Bataafse_Petroleum_Maatschappij" title="Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij">Bataafse Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij</a> (Royal Dutch/Shell Group). <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65917520">65917520</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111233/https://books.google.com/books?id=ofrkzAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWells1979" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Barbara (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-KvGQAACAAJ">Shell at Deer Park: The Story of the First Fifty Years</a>. Houston: Shell Oil Company. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/991773301">991773301</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111224/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-KvGQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uA-wtgAACAAJ">Shell Oil Company: A Story of Achievement</a>. Houston: Shell Oil Company. 1984. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20438979">20438979</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111215/https://books.google.com/books?id=uA-wtgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Shell: 75 Years Serving America. Houston: Shell Oil Company. 1987.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder1993" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, John G. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nl-FGQAACAAJ">Shell at Wood River: 75 Years of Progress</a>. Wood River. IL, USA: Shell Oil Company. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30772350">30772350</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111227/https://books.google.com/books?id=nl-FGQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2002" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Bob (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vm8cSQAACAAJ">Down Many a Road: The Story of Shell in Ireland 1902–2002</a>. Tankardstown: Dreoilín Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>190277311X</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111236/https://books.google.com/books?id=vm8cSQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHutchins2004" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, H. R. (Holly) (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPJIMwEACAAJ">Shell Deer Park: Celebrating 75 Years: People Making a Difference</a>. Deer Park, TX: Shell Deer Park Refining Limited Partnership and Shell Deer Park Chemical Plant. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780701509">780701509</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111156/https://books.google.com/books?id=iPJIMwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJonkervan_Zanden2007" class="citation book cs1">Jonker, Joost; <a href="Jan_Luiten_van_Zanden" title="Jan Luiten van Zanden">van Zanden, Jan Luiten</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qCUeAQAAMAAJ">From Challenger to Joint Industry Leader, 1890–1939: A History of Royal Dutch Shell, volume 1</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780199298785</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111235/https://books.google.com/books?id=qCUeAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHowarthJonker2007" class="citation book cs1">Howarth, Stephen; Jonker, Joost (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JCUeAQAAMAAJ">Powering the Hydrocarbon Revolution, 1939–1973: A History of Royal Dutch Shell, volume 2</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780199298792</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111204/https://books.google.com/books?id=JCUeAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSluyterman2007" class="citation book cs1">Sluyterman, Keetie E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0lCtAEACAAJ">Keeping Competitive in Turbulent Markets, 1973–2007: A History of Royal Dutch Shell, volume 3</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780199298808</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111204/https://books.google.com/books?id=U0lCtAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFvan_Zanden2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jan_Luiten_van_Zanden" title="Jan Luiten van Zanden">van Zanden, Jan Luiten</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l58TAQAAIAAJ">A History of Royal Dutch Shell. Appendices. Figures and explanations, collective bibliography and index</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780199234400</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111157/https://books.google.com/books?id=l58TAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFManvelov2017" class="citation book cs1">Manvelov, N. V. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NyetQEACAAJ">125 Years of Shell in Russia: 1892–2017</a>. Moscow: Factotums. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9785990887848</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111236/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NyetQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAfrican_National_Congress1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NqZtgAACAAJ">Fuelling Apartheid</a>. New York: United Nations Centre Against Apartheid, Department of Political and Security Council Affairs. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77008976">77008976</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111236/https://books.google.com/books?id=9NqZtgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUQ6tAEACAAJ">A Criminal Enterprise?: Shell's Involvement in Human Rights Violations in Nigeria in the 1990s</a>. London: <a href="Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 2017. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1022200039">1022200039</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111211/https://books.google.com/books?id=hUQ6tAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5ffvQEACAAJ">Negligence in the Niger Delta: Decoding Shell and Eni's Poor Record on Oil Spills</a>. London: Amnesty International. 2018. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1051890064">1051890064</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111235/https://books.google.com/books?id=A5ffvQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBailey1978" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Martin (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQAvAQAAIAAJ">Shell and BP in South Africa</a> (2nd ed.). Birmingham: Haslemere Group/Anti-Apartheid. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0905094026</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111231/https://books.google.com/books?id=VQAvAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBrakel1985" class="citation book cs1">Brakel, Aat (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrS3AAAAIAAJ">People and Organizations Interacting</a>. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0471904767</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111237/https://books.google.com/books?id=XrS3AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBridges1972" class="citation book cs1">Bridges, Harry (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HDuFQgAACAAJ">The Americanization of Shell: The Beginnings and Early Years of Shell Oil Company in The United States</a>. Newcomen address, 1971. New York: <a href="Newcomen_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Newcomen Society of the United States">Newcomen Society in North America</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489377">489377</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111233/https://books.google.com/books?id=HDuFQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1999" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Phil (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAnYAAAAMAAJ">Rebounding, Rebuilding, Renewing at Shell Oil: A Former CEO Reflects on Large-scale Change</a>. Innovations in management series. Waltham, MA, USA: Pegasus Communications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1883823358</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111237/https://books.google.com/books?id=mAnYAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCumminsBeasant2005" class="citation book cs1">Cummins, Ian; Beasant, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wq1AAAAIAAJ">Shell Shock: The Secrets and Spin of an Oil Giant</a>. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>184018941X</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111159/https://books.google.com/books?id=2wq1AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDoran2016" class="citation book cs1">Doran, Peter B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_e5DgAAQBAJ">Breaking Rockefeller: The Incredible Story of the Ambitious Rivals Who Toppled an Oil Empire</a>. New York: Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780143130000</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111220/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_e5DgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFrynas1998" class="citation book cs1">Frynas, Jedrzej George (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e98lAAAACAAJ">Is Political Instability Harmful to Business?: The Case of Shell in Nigeria</a>. University of Leipzig papers on Africa, Politics and economics series, no. 14. Leipzig: Institut für Afrikanistik, <a href="Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>393263215X</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111240/https://books.google.com/books?id=e98lAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFuchsGlas2006" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fuchs, Tina; Glas, Miroslav (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r5sfNQAACAAJ">Problem ravnanja vodstva podjetij: primer Shell: diplomsko delo</a> [The Problem of Business Management Behavior: the Shell case] (diploma thesis) (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Independently published. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/441619660">441619660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111159/https://books.google.com/books?id=r5sfNQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGlässer2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Glässer, Wiebke (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXicDwAAQBAJ">Marktmacht und Politik: das internationale Kartell der Ölgesellschaften 1960–1975</a> [Market Power and Politics: The International Oil Company Cartel 1960–1975] (in German). Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783110633221</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111200/https://books.google.com/books?id=NXicDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoedman1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goedman, Jan (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gE0kAAAACAAJ">Naar een maatschappelijke planologie en planning: perspectieven voor een ruimtelijke theorie en politiek van de arbeid</a> [Towards a Societal Planning and Planning: Perspectives for a Spatial Theory and Politics of Work] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Ekologische Uitgeverij. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9062240119</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111215/https://books.google.com/books?id=gE0kAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHall(with_Vaughn1994" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John; (with Vaughn, Patrica) (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVc1AAAACAAJ">Riding the Winds of Change: The Chronicles of Jack Hall</a>. Chula Vista, CA, USA: ICAN Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1881116514</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111234/https://books.google.com/books?id=PVc1AAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHendriks1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hendriks, Frank (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibKfAAAACAAJ">Shell: produktie, verwerking en verkoop: energie, metalen, bosbouw en zaaizaad: casestudies Curaçao, Zuid Afrika, Nigeria</a> [Shell: Production, Processing and Sales: Energy, Metals, Forestry and Seeds: case studies Curaçao, South Africa, Nigeria] (in Dutch). Utrecht: Van Arkel. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9062241514</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111237/https://books.google.com/books?id=ibKfAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1998" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQOgHAAACAAJ">The Shell Poster Book</a>. London: Profile Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1861970617</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111238/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQOgHAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1992" class="citation book cs1">Howarth, Stephen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3sYmNAAACAAJ">Sea Shell: The Story of Shell's British Tanker Fleets 1892–1992</a>. London: Thomas Reed. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>094763732X</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111238/https://books.google.com/books?id=3sYmNAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1997" class="citation book cs1">Howarth, Stephen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdnQgAACAAJ">A Century in Oil: The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company, 1897–1997</a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0297822470</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111219/https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdnQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFIbeanuLuckham2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Okechukwu_Ibeanu" title="Okechukwu Ibeanu">Ibeanu, Okechukwu</a>; Luckham, Robin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4FWkPgAACAAJ">Niger-Delta: Political Violence, Governance and Corporate Responsibility in a Petro-state</a>. Abuja: <a href="Centre_for_Democracy_and_Development" title="Centre for Democracy and Development">Centre for Democracy and Development</a> (CDD). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1902296303</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111221/https://books.google.com/books?id=4FWkPgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJordan2001" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, A. G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMJ1QgAACAAJ">Shell, Greenpeace, and the Brent Spar</a>. Basingstoke, Hants, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0333745469</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111208/https://books.google.com/books?id=mMJ1QgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcCaughan2008" class="citation book cs1">McCaughan, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OA0wlAEACAAJ">The Price of Our Souls: Gas, Shell and Ireland</a>. Dublin: AFRI. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/822888257">822888257</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111248/https://books.google.com/books?id=OA0wlAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMerrillees2015" class="citation book cs1">Merrillees, Scott (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akLWjgEACAAJ">Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950–1980</a>. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9786028397308</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111248/https://books.google.com/books?id=akLWjgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNieuwenhuis1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nieuwenhuis, Frans (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCjZAAAACAAJ">Monseigneurs en managers: de Kerk van Rome en de Shell vergeleken</a> [Monseigneurs and Managers: the Church of Rome and the Shell compared] (in Dutch). Rotterdam: Ad. Donker. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9061004039</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111208/https://books.google.com/books?id=cCjZAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2011" class="citation book cs1">O'Donnell, Francis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0gJEXwAACAAJ">Corporate Social Responsibility and Shell in Ireland: A Thin Veneer</a>. Newcastle upon Tyne: <a href="Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1443832212</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111241/https://books.google.com/books?id=0gJEXwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOgoni_Study_Group_(Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria)1995" class="citation book cs1">Ogoni Study Group (Port Harcourt, Nigeria) (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FbAHAAACAAJ">Crisis in Ogoniland: The True Story</a>. Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria: Ogoni Study Group. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47997162">47997162</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111241/https://books.google.com/books?id=7FbAHAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOkontaDouglas2003" class="citation book cs1">Okonta, Ike; Douglas, Oronto (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OS-fHCNRhvgC">Where Vultures Feast: Shell, Human Rights, and Oil in the Niger Delta</a> (New ed.). London; New York: Verso. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1859844731</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111227/https://books.google.com/books?id=OS-fHCNRhvgC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOmoweh2005" class="citation book cs1">Omoweh, Daniel A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u9-CngEACAAJ">Shell Petroleum Development Company, the state and underdevelopment of Nigeria's Niger Delta: a study in environmental degradation</a>. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0865439842</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111236/https://books.google.com/books?id=u9-CngEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOsakwe2002" class="citation book cs1">Osakwe, Jimor (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZzlxAEACAAJ">Justice and the Niger Delta Crises: Historical Analysis in Political and Socio-economic Philosophy</a>. Benin City, Nigeria: Independently published. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58833598">58833598</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111215/https://books.google.com/books?id=PZzlxAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPriest2007" class="citation book cs1">Priest, Tyler (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P6xj0ICxLngC">The Offshore Imperative: Shell Oil's Search for Petroleum in Postwar America</a>. College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781585445684</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111235/https://books.google.com/books?id=P6xj0ICxLngC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFReiss2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Bob_Reiss" title="Bob Reiss">Reiss, Bob</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSU2AQAAQBAJ">The Eskimo and The Oil Man: The Battle at the Top of the World for America's Future</a>. New York: Business Plus. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781455525249</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RSU2AQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRowellGoodall1994" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, Andrew; Goodall, Andrea (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1UuAQAAIAAJ">Shell-Shocked: The Environmental and Social Costs of Living with Shell in Nigeria</a>. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1871532809</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111237/https://books.google.com/books?id=G1UuAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSampson1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Anthony_Sampson" title="Anthony Sampson">Sampson, Anthony</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqu0AAAAIAAJ">The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies And The World They Shaped</a>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>067063591X</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111230/https://books.google.com/books?id=hqu0AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite> (<cite id="CITEREFAlso_4th,_revised,_edition1991" class="citation book cs1">Also 4th, revised, edition (1991). The Seven Sisters: The 100-year battle for the world's oil supply. New York: Bantam Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0553242377</bdi>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link))</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSaro-Wiwa1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Ken_Saro-Wiwa" title="Ken Saro-Wiwa">Saro-Wiwa, Ken</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ml90AAAAMAAJ">Genocide in Nigeria: The Ogoni Tragedy</a>. London: Saros International Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1870716221</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111230/https://books.google.com/books?id=ml90AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchubert2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schubert, Bianca (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MLp_H6RapJMC">Shell in der Krise: zum Verhältnis von Journalismus und PR in Deutschland</a> [Shell in Crisis: On the Relationship between Journalism and PR in Germany] (in German). Münster: <a href="LIT_Verlag" title="LIT Verlag">LIT Verlag</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3825851877</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111245/https://books.google.com/books?id=MLp_H6RapJMC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSéguin_DuludeDesranleauFortier1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Séguin Dulude, Louise; Desranleau, Claude; Fortier, Yves (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pYSAAAACAAJ">La R-D Du Groupe Royal Dutch/Shell Et Shell Canada Limitee: Des Priorites Globales Et Des Initiatives Locales / Royal Dutch/Shell Group and Shell Canada Limited R & D</a>. Special Paper Series, Volume 91, Issue 1 (in English and French). Montréal: <a href="HEC_Montr%C3%A9al" title="HEC Montréal">École des hautes études commerciales</a>, Centre d'études en administration internationale. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>2920296132</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111230/https://books.google.com/books?id=9pYSAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVeron2007" class="citation book cs1">Veron, J. Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfgrvgAACAAJ">Shell Game: One Family's Long Battle Against Big Oil</a>. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1599210339</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111222/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfgrvgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVerweijPlantenga2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verweij, Myrthe; Plantenga, Bart (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5WzPgAACAAJ">Leaking Pipelines: Shell in South Africa</a> (in English and Dutch). Amsterdam: Milieu defensie. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/870109711">870109711</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111232/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5WzPgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVorfelder1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vorfelder, Jochen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Fp6tgAACAAJ">Brent Spar oder die Zukunft der Meere : Ein Greenpeace-Report</a> [Brent Spar or the Future of the Seas: A Greenpeace Report] (in German). München: <a href="C.H._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H. Beck">C.H. Beck</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3406392423</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111233/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Fp6tgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWesseling2000" class="citation book cs1">Wesseling, Louis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YpuAAAAMAAJ">Fuelling the War: Revealing an Oil Company's Role in Vietnam</a>. London; New York: I. B. Tauris. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781860644573</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111243/https://books.google.com/books?id=9YpuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox, Fred A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rGitDwAAQBAJ">Shamrocks and Oil Slicks: A People's Uprising Against Shell Oil in County Mayo, Ireland</a>. New York: NYU Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781583678466</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111224/https://books.google.com/books?id=rGitDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1999" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Dick (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Alc1PAAACAAJ">Tankermen: A Seafarer's Recollections of a Life Afloat with "Shell"</a>. Bramber, West Sussex, UK: Bernard Durnford Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>095356701X</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111304/https://books.google.com/books?id=Alc1PAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHQLnQEACAAJ">Fuelling Apartheid: Shell and the Military</a>. Geneva: <a href="Programme_to_Combat_Racism" title="Programme to Combat Racism">Programme to Combat Racism</a>, World Council of Churches; London: Christian concern for Southern Africa; Utrecht: Werkgroep Kairos. 1984. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494638741">494638741</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111249/https://books.google.com/books?id=LHQLnQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYergin1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Daniel_Yergin" title="Daniel Yergin">Yergin, Daniel</a> (1991). <a href="The_Prize%3A_The_Epic_Quest_for_Oil%2C_Money%2C_and_Power" title="The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power">The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0671502484</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYergin2011" class="citation book cs1">——————— (2011). <a href="The_Quest%3A_Energy%2C_Security%2C_and_the_Remaking_of_the_Modern_World" title="The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World">The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World</a>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781594202834</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYeo1988" class="citation thesis cs1">Yeo, Ai Hoon (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wB0EtAEACAAJ">Enterprise in Oil: The History of Shell in Singapore, 1890-1960</a> (BA (Hons) thesis). <a href="National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982168866">982168866</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111242/https://books.google.com/books?id=wB0EtAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shell_plc" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Shell plc">Shell plc</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shell.com/">Official website</a> </li>

<li>Business data for Royal Dutch Shell plc: <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1306965">SEC filings</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/Shell%20plc">Shell plc companies</a> grouped at <a href="OpenCorporates" title="OpenCorporates">OpenCorporates</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1573">Works by Shell Union Oil Corporation</a> at <a href="Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Shell+Union+Oil+Corporation%22+OR+%22Royal+Dutch+Shell%22%29">Works by or about Shell plc</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3062">Works by Shell plc</a> at <a href="LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/019323">Documents and clippings about Shell plc</a> in the <a href="20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Shell_plc355" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions and subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shell_Australia" title="Shell Australia">Shell Australia</a>

<li><a href="Shell_Energy_Australia" title="Shell Energy Australia">Shell Energy Australia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Canada" title="Shell Canada">Shell Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Chemicals" title="Shell Chemicals">Shell Chemicals</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Gas_%26_Power" title="Shell Gas & Power">Shell Gas & Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Nigeria" title="Shell Nigeria">Shell Nigeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_USA" title="Shell USA">Shell USA</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mexican_Eagle_Petroleum_Company" title="Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company">Mexican Eagle</a></li>

<li><a href="MonteShell" title="MonteShell">MonteShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Pakistan">Shell Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Showa_Shell_Sekiyu" title="Showa Shell Sekiyu">Showa Shell Sekiyu</a></li>

<li><a href="Woodside_Energy" title="Woodside Energy">Woodside Petroleum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aera_Energy" title="Aera Energy">Aera Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Albian_Sands" title="Albian Sands">Albian Sands</a></li>

<li><a href="Brunei_Shell_Petroleum" title="Brunei Shell Petroleum">Brunei Shell Petroleum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brunei_LNG" title="Brunei LNG">Brunei LNG</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="North_West_Shelf_Venture" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Shelf Venture">North West Shelf Venture</a></li>

<li><a href="Pearl_GTL" title="Pearl GTL">Pearl GTL</a></li>

<li><a href="Sakhalin_Energy" title="Sakhalin Energy">Sakhalin Energy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Egyptian_Oilfields" title="Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields">Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields</a></li>

<li><a href="Asiatic_Petroleum_Company" title="Asiatic Petroleum Company">Asiatic Petroleum Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellana_(company)" title="Cellana (company)">Cellana</a></li>

<li><a href="Motiva_Enterprises" title="Motiva Enterprises">Motiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell-Mex_%26_BP" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell-Mex & BP">Shell-Mex & BP</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jiffy_Lube" title="Jiffy Lube">Jiffy Lube</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennzoil" title="Pennzoil">Pennzoil</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaker_State" title="Quaker State">Quaker State</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Rotella" title="Shell Rotella">Rotella</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_V-Power" title="Shell V-Power">V-Power</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities and places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asia_Building" title="Asia Building">Asia Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Brent_Spar" title="Brent Spar">Brent Spar</a></li>

<li><a href="Clyde_Refinery" title="Clyde Refinery">Clyde Refinery</a></li>

<li><a href="Hancock_Whitney_Center" title="Hancock Whitney Center">Hancock Whitney Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Montreal_East_Refinery_(Shell_Canada)" title="Montreal East Refinery (Shell Canada)">Montreal East Refinery</a></li>

<li><a href="One_Shell_Plaza" title="One Shell Plaza">One Shell Plaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Plaza_Shell" title="Plaza Shell">Plaza Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocky_Mountain_Arsenal" title="Rocky Mountain Arsenal">Rocky Mountain Arsenal</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotford_Upgrader" title="Scotford Upgrader">Scotford Upgrader</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Building_(San_Francisco)" title="Shell Building (San Francisco)">Shell Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Centre" title="Shell Centre">Shell Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Centre_(Calgary)" title="Shell Centre (Calgary)">Shell Centre (Calgary)</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Development_Emeryville" title="Shell Development Emeryville">Shell Development Emeryville</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Haven" title="Shell Haven">Shell Haven</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell%2C_Ecuador" title="Shell, Ecuador">Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Eighty_Strand" title="Eighty Strand">Shell Mex House</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Pennsylvania_Petrochemicals_Complex" title="Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex">Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Technology_Centre" title="Shell Technology Centre">Shell Technology Centre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Corrib_gas_controversy" title="Corrib gas controversy">Corrib gas controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People" title="Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People">Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiwa_v._Royal_Dutch_Shell_Co." title="Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell Co.">Wiwa v Royal Dutch Shell</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andr%C3%A9_B%C3%A9nard" title="André Bénard">André Bénard</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Jennings_(businessman)" title="John Jennings (businessman)">John Jennings</a></li>

<li><a href="M._King_Hubbert" title="M. King Hubbert">M. King Hubbert</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Meissner" title="Fred Meissner">Fred Meissner</a></li>

<li><a href="Gale_Norton" title="Gale Norton">Gale Norton</a></li>

<li><a href="Jorma_Ollila" title="Jorma Ollila">Jorma Ollila</a></li>

<li><a href="Rob_Routs" title="Rob Routs">Rob Routs</a></li>

<li>Chief executives</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shell_Answer_Man" title="Shell Answer Man">Answer Man</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Lensbury" title="The Lensbury">Club</a> (former)</li>

<li><a href="Shell_Foundation" title="Shell Foundation">Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Guides" title="Shell Guides">Guides</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_in_situ_conversion_process" title="Shell in situ conversion process">In situ conversion process</a></li>

<li><a href="Lennard's_Carrying_Co_Ltd_v_Asiatic_Petroleum_Co_Ltd" title="Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd">Lennard's Carrying v Asiatic Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Service_Station_(Winston-Salem%2C_North_Carolina)" title="Shell Service Station (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)">Novelty Service Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Oil_Company_%22Spectacular%22_Sign" title="Shell Oil Company "Spectacular" Sign">Spectacular sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Turbo_Chargers" title="Shell Turbo Chargers">Turbo Chargers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Royal Dutch Shell">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Links_to_related_articles110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Companies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Coal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></li>

<li><a href="GCM_Resources" title="GCM Resources">GCM Resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li>

<li><a href="Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Oil and gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Exploration and production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afren" title="Afren">Afren</a></li>

<li><a href="Capricorn_Energy" title="Capricorn Energy">Capricorn Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li>

<li><a href="Dana_Petroleum" title="Dana Petroleum">Dana Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Desire_Petroleum" title="Desire Petroleum">Desire Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Emerald_Energy" title="Emerald Energy">Emerald Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="EnQuest" title="EnQuest">EnQuest</a></li>

<li><a href="Essar_Energy" title="Essar Energy">Essar Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Harbour_Energy" title="Harbour Energy">Harbour Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardy_Oil_and_Gas" title="Hardy Oil and Gas">Hardy Oil and Gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Melrose_Resources" title="Melrose Resources">Melrose Resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Ophir_Energy" title="Ophir Energy">Ophir Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Perenco" title="Perenco">Perenco</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharos_Energy" title="Pharos Energy">Pharos Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Regal_Petroleum" title="Regal Petroleum">Regal Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Rockhopper_Exploration" title="Rockhopper Exploration">Rockhopper Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Star_Energy" title="Star Energy">Star Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Greenergy" title="Greenergy">Greenergy</a></li>

<li><a href="Murco_Petroleum" title="Murco Petroleum">Murco Petroleum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abbot_Group" title="Abbot Group">Abbot Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li>

<li><a href="Expro" title="Expro">Expro</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunting_plc" title="Hunting plc">Hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li>

<li><a href="Qserv" title="Qserv">Qserv</a></li>

<li><a href="Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li>

<li><a href="WesternGeco" title="WesternGeco">WesternGeco</a>1</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li>

<li><a href="EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a>1</li>

<li><a href="Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">Npower</a>1</li>

<li><a href="ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower</a>1</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Generation and supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Generation" title="Generation">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drax_Group" title="Drax Group">Drax Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Engie_Energy_International" title="Engie Energy International">Engie Energy International</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizon_Nuclear_Power" title="Horizon Nuclear Power">Horizon Nuclear Power</a>1</li>

<li><a href="Renantis" title="Renantis">Renantis</a></li>

<li><a href="Vattenfall_UK" title="Vattenfall UK">Vattenfall UK</a>1</li>

<li><a href="Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">Supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="100Green" title="100Green">100Green</a></li>

<li><a href="Bristol_Energy" title="Bristol Energy">Bristol Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Co-op_Energy" title="Co-op Energy">Co-op Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a></li>

<li><a href="ESB_Group" title="ESB Group">ESB Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Good_Energy" title="Good Energy">Good Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Octopus_Energy" title="Octopus Energy">Octopus Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Opus_Energy" title="Opus Energy">Opus Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Outfox_the_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Outfox the Market">Outfox the Market</a></li>

<li><a href="OVO_Energy" title="OVO Energy">OVO Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenix_Natural_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_Energy" title="Shell Energy">Shell Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="TotalEnergies_Gas_%26_Power" title="TotalEnergies Gas & Power">TotalEnergies Gas & Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Utilita_Energy" title="Utilita Energy">Utilita Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Utility_Warehouse" title="Utility Warehouse">Utility Warehouse</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electricity_North_West" title="Electricity North West">Electricity North West</a>1</li>

<li><a href="Northern_Powergrid" title="Northern Powergrid">Northern Powergrid</a>1</li>

<li><a href="ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a>1</li>

<li><a href="SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">SSE Power Distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="UK_Power_Networks" title="UK Power Networks">UK Power Networks</a>1</li>

<li><a href="Western_Power_Distribution" title="Western Power Distribution">Western Power Distribution</a>1</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cadent_Gas" title="Cadent Gas">Cadent Gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Gas_Networks" title="Northern Gas Networks">Northern Gas Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenix_Natural_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Wales_%26_West_Utilities" title="Wales & West Utilities">Wales & West Utilities</a>1</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a>2</li>

<li><a href="SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a>1</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aggreko" title="Aggreko">Aggreko</a></li>

<li><a href="APX_Group" title="APX Group">APX Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquamarine_Power" title="Aquamarine Power">Aquamarine Power</a></li>

<li><a href="EnServe" title="EnServe">EnServe</a></li>

<li><a href="Hi-Gen_Power" title="Hi-Gen Power">Hi-Gen Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Group" title="Mark Group">Mark Group</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Wavegen" title="Wavegen">Wavegen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in italics

1Ultimate parent company is not UK-based 2Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_sources350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coal_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Authority">Coal Authority</a></li>

<li>Coal-fired power stations</li>

<li>Coal mines</li>

<li>Coal mining regions</li>

<li><a href="Confederation_of_UK_Coal_Producers" title="Confederation of UK Coal Producers">Confederation of UK Coal Producers</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li>

<li><a href="Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners'_strike" title="1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike">miners' strike</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open-pit_coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom">Open-pit coal mining</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="Electricity_sector_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in the United Kingdom">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Association_of_Electricity_Producers" title="Association of Electricity Producers">Association of Electricity Producers</a></li>

<li><a href="BritNed" title="BritNed">BritNed</a></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Interconnector" title="East–West Interconnector">East–West Interconnector</a></li>

<li><a href="Economy_7" title="Economy 7">Economy 7</a></li>

<li><a href="Economy_10" title="Economy 10">Economy 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Electricity_billing_in_the_UK" title="Electricity billing in the UK">Electricity billing</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_switching_services_in_the_UK" title="Energy switching services in the UK">Energy switching services</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_electricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Green electricity in the United Kingdom">Green electricity</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_Trade_Master_Agreement" title="Grid Trade Master Agreement">Grid Trade Master Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Gridlink_Interconnector" title="Gridlink Interconnector">Gridlink Interconnector</a></li>

<li><a href="HVDC_Cross-Channel" title="HVDC Cross-Channel">HVDC Cross-Channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Isle_of_Man_to_England_Interconnector" title="Isle of Man to England Interconnector">Isle of Man to England Interconnector</a></li>

<li><a href="Moyle_Interconnector" title="Moyle Interconnector">Moyle Interconnector</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid</a>

<ul><li><a href="Control_of_the_National_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of the National Grid">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Grid_Reserve_Service" title="National Grid Reserve Service">Reserve Service</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="New_Electricity_Trading_Arrangements" title="New Electricity Trading Arrangements">New Electricity Trading Arrangements</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Sea_Link" title="North Sea Link">North Sea Link</a></li>

<li>Power stations</li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry" title="Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry">Timeline of the electricity supply industry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a></li>

<li><a href="Franco-British_Nuclear_Forum" title="Franco-British Nuclear Forum">Franco-British Nuclear Forum</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_Liabilities_Fund" title="Nuclear Liabilities Fund">Nuclear Liabilities Fund</a></li>

<li>Nuclear power stations</li>

<li><a href="Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Nuclear_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="National Nuclear Laboratory">United Kingdom National Nuclear Laboratory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom">Oil and gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BBL_Pipeline" title="BBL Pipeline">BBL Pipeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuel_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fuel protests in the United Kingdom">Fuel protests</a></li>

<li>Gas infrastructure</li>

<li><a href="Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrocarbon_Oil_Duty" title="Hydrocarbon Oil Duty">Hydrocarbon Oil Duty</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">National Transmission System</a></li>

<li>Natural gas fields</li>

<li>Natural gas-fired power stations</li>

<li><a href="North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Sea_Transition_Authority" title="North Sea Transition Authority">North Sea Transition Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Offshore_Energies_UK" title="Offshore Energies UK">Offshore Energies UK</a></li>

<li>Oil fields</li>

<li>Oil-fired power stations</li>

<li>Oil infrastructure</li>

<li>Oil refineries</li>

<li><a href="Petroleum_Revenue_Tax" title="Petroleum Revenue Tax">Petroleum Revenue Tax</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Biofuel_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Biofuel in the United Kingdom">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Biofuel power stations</li>

<li><a href="NNFCC" title="NNFCC">NNFCC</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_Fuels_Agency" title="Renewable Fuels Agency">Renewable Fuels Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_Transport_Fuel_Obligation" title="Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation">Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Geothermal power stations</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Hydroelectricity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Hydroelectric power stations</li>

<li><a href="Mersey_Barrage" title="Mersey Barrage">Mersey Barrage</a></li>

<li><a href="Severn_Barrage" title="Severn Barrage">Severn Barrage</a></li>

<li>Wave farms</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Offshore_wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Offshore wind power in the United Kingdom">Offshore wind power</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of offshore wind farms</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_onshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of onshore wind farms</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Seas_Energy_Cooperation" title="North Seas Energy Cooperation">North Seas Energy Cooperation</a></li>

<li><a href="Wind_power_in_Scotland" title="Wind power in Scotland">Wind power in Scotland</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_regulation350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and regulation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbon_Trust" title="Carbon Trust">Carbon Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Cenex" title="Cenex">Cenex</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_Change_Committee" title="Climate Change Committee">Climate Change Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a></li>

<li><a href="Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Energy_System_Operator" title="National Energy System Operator">National Energy System Operator</a></li>

<li><a href="System_Operator_for_Northern_Ireland" title="System Operator for Northern Ireland">System Operator for Northern Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_and_Southern_Electricity_Networks" title="Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks">Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_British_Energy" title="Great British Energy">Great British Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_British_Energy_%E2%80%93_Nuclear" title="Great British Energy – Nuclear">Great British Energy – Nuclear</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">Legislation and initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbon_Emission_Reduction_Target" title="Carbon Emission Reduction Target">Carbon Emission Reduction Target</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act 2008</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_Change_Agreement_(UK)" title="Climate Change Agreement (UK)">Climate Change Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_Change_and_Sustainable_Energy_Act_2006" title="Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006">Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_Change_Levy" title="Climate Change Levy">Climate Change Levy</a></li>

<li><a href="CRC_Energy_Efficiency_Scheme" title="CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme">CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="Decarbonisation_measures_in_proposed_UK_electricity_market_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform">Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Display_Energy_Certificate" title="Display Energy Certificate">Display Energy Certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Act_2013" title="Energy Act 2013">Energy Act 2013</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_performance_certificate" title="Energy performance certificate">Energy performance certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Fossil_Fuel_Levy" title="Fossil Fuel Levy">Fossil Fuel Levy</a></li>

<li><a href="Low_Carbon_Building_Programme" title="Low Carbon Building Programme">Low Carbon Building Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-Fossil_Fuel_Obligation" title="Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation">Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation</a></li>

<li><a href="Planning_Act_2008" title="Planning Act 2008">Planning Act 2008</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_Heat_Incentive" title="Renewable Heat Incentive">Renewable Heat Incentive</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewables_Obligation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)">Renewables Obligation</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_Climate_Change_Programme" title="United Kingdom Climate Change Programme">United Kingdom Climate Change Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_price_cap_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy price cap in the United Kingdom">Energy price cap</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Profits_Levy" title="Energy Profits Levy">Energy Profits Levy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-governmental_organisations350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-governmental organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Charities and pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ashden_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashden Award">Ashden Award</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioregional" title="Bioregional">Bioregional</a></li>

<li><a href="Campaign_against_Climate_Change" title="Campaign against Climate Change">Campaign against Climate Change</a></li>

<li><a href="Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Energy_Action" title="National Energy Action">National Energy Action</a></li>

<li><a href="Stop_Climate_Chaos" title="Stop Climate Chaos">Stop Climate Chaos</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyndall_Centre" title="Tyndall Centre">Tyndall Centre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Industry bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Association_for_Decentralised_Energy" title="Association for Decentralised Energy">Association for Decentralised Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Institute" title="Energy Institute">Energy Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Networks_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="Energy Networks Association (United Kingdom)">Energy Networks Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Retail_Association" title="Energy Retail Association">Energy Retail Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Power_Forum" title="Green Power Forum">Green Power Forum</a></li>

<li><a href="RenewableUK" title="RenewableUK">RenewableUK</a></li>

<li><a href="Utilities_Intermediaries_Association" title="Utilities Intermediaries Association">Utilities Intermediaries Association</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Centre_for_Renewable_Energy_Systems_Technology" title="Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology">Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Technologies_Institute" title="Energy Technologies Institute">Energy Technologies Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Met_Office_Hadley_Centre" title="Met Office Hadley Centre">Met Office Hadley Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Narec" title="Narec">Narec</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunbury_Research_Centre" title="Sunbury Research Centre">Sunbury Research Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UK Energy Research Centre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_conservation350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Energy_conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy conservation in the United Kingdom">Energy conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="British_Energy_Efficiency_Federation" title="British Energy Efficiency Federation">British Energy Efficiency Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Close_the_Door_campaign" title="Close the Door campaign">Close the Door campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_for_Sustainable_Homes" title="Code for Sustainable Homes">Code for Sustainable Homes</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_Glazing_%26_Conservatory_Ombudsman_Scheme" title="Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme">Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="EcoHomes" title="EcoHomes">EcoHomes</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_efficiency_in_British_housing" title="Energy efficiency in British housing">Energy efficiency in British housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a>

<ul><li><a href="Energy_Saving_Trust_Recommended" title="Energy Saving Trust Recommended">Energy Saving Trust Recommended</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Home_Energy_Rating" title="National Home Energy Rating">National Home Energy Rating</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Oil_and_gas_in_China488" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Oil_and_gas_in_China488" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="China" title="China"></a> <a href="Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Oil</a> and <a href="Natural_gas_in_China" title="Natural gas in China">gas</a> in China</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy in China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oil and gas majors (<a href="Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a> / <a href="Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Big 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="China_Petrochemical_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="China Petrochemical Corporation">Sinopec</a></li>

<li><a href="China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">CNOOC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major listed arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a> (CNPC)</li>

<li><a href="Kunlun_Energy" title="Kunlun Energy">Kunlun Energy</a> (CNPC)</li>

<li><a href="Sinopec" title="Sinopec">China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation</a> (Sinopec)</li>

<li><a href="CNOOC_Limited" title="CNOOC Limited">CNOOC Limited</a> (CNOOC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oil (Upstream)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CITIC_Resources" title="CITIC Resources">CITIC Resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Geo-Jade_Petroleum" title="Geo-Jade Petroleum">Geo-Jade Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaanxi_Yanchang_Petroleum" title="Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum">Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Shandong_Energy" title="Shandong Energy">Shandong Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Emerald_Energy" title="Emerald Energy">Emerald Energy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sinochem_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinochem Group">Sinochem</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_Energy_Group" title="United Energy Group">United Energy Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhenhua_Oil" title="Zhenhua Oil">Zhenhua Oil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upstream</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#China">Shell China</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Coalbed_methane" title="Coalbed methane">Coalbed methane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="China_United_Coalbed_Methane" title="China United Coalbed Methane">China United Coalbed Methane</a> (CNOOC)</li>

<li><a href="PetroChina_Coalbed_Methane" class="mw-redirect" title="PetroChina Coalbed Methane">PetroChina Coalbed Methane</a> (CNPC)</li>

<li><a href="Shanxi_Blue_Flame_Coalbed_Methane_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanxi Blue Flame Coalbed Methane Group">Shanxi Blue Flame Coalbed Methane Group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Downstream</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="China_Natural_Gas" title="China Natural Gas">China Natural Gas</a></li>

<li><a href="ENN_Group" title="ENN Group">ENN Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Shenergy_Group" title="Shenergy Group">Shenergy</a></li>

<li><a href="Towngas_China" title="Towngas China">Towngas China</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drilling services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rig operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a> (CNOOC)</li>

<li><a href="Great_Wall_Drilling_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wall Drilling Company">Great Wall Drilling Company</a> (CNPC)</li>

<li><a href="ZPEB" title="ZPEB">ZPEB</a> (Sinopec)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drilling equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jereh_Group" title="Jereh Group">Jereh Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerui_Petroleum" title="Kerui Petroleum">Kerui Petroleum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">EPC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="China_Petroleum_Pipeline_Engineering" title="China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering">China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering</a> (CNPC)</li>

<li><a href="China_Huanqiu_Contracting_%26_Engineering_Corporation" title="China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corporation">China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corporation</a> (CNPC)</li>

<li><a href="China_Petroleum_Engineering_and_Construction_Corporation" title="China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation">China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation</a> (CNPC)</li>

<li><a href="Kerui_Petroleum" title="Kerui Petroleum">Kerui Petroleum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Refineries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ChemChina" title="ChemChina">ChemChina</a></li>

<li><a href="Fushun_Petrochemical_Company" title="Fushun Petrochemical Company">Fushun Petrochemical Company</a> (CNPC)</li>

<li><a href="Shanghai_Petrochemical" title="Shanghai Petrochemical">Shanghai Petrochemical</a> (Sinopec)</li>

<li><a href="Sinochem" title="Sinochem">Sinochem</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></li>

<li>Companies of China</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Netherlands&#124;link=Netherlands_AEX_companies_of_the_Netherlands166" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Netherlands&#124;link=Netherlands_AEX_companies_of_the_Netherlands166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a> <a href="AEX_index" title="AEX index">AEX</a> companies of the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Adyen" title="Adyen">Adyen</a></li>

<li><a href="Aegon_N.V." class="mw-redirect" title="Aegon N.V.">Aegon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahold_Delhaize" title="Ahold Delhaize">Ahold Delhaize</a></li>

<li><a href="AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">AkzoNobel</a></li>

<li><a href="ArcelorMittal" title="ArcelorMittal">ArcelorMittal</a></li>

<li><a href="ASM_International" title="ASM International">ASM International</a></li>

<li><a href="ASR_Nederland" title="ASR Nederland">ASR Nederland</a></li>

<li><a href="BE_Semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="BE Semiconductor">BE Semiconductor</a></li>

<li><a href="DSM_Firmenich" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM Firmenich">DSM Firmenich</a></li>

<li><a href="Heineken_N.V." title="Heineken N.V.">Heineken</a></li>

<li><a href="NN_Group" title="NN Group">NN Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosus" title="Prosus">Prosus</a></li>

<li><a href="Randstad_NV" title="Randstad NV">Randstad</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolters_Kluwer" title="Wolters Kluwer">Wolters Kluwer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_FTSE_100_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom_→_FTSE_250248" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_FTSE_100_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom_→_FTSE_250248" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> <a href="FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100</a> companies of the United Kingdom   → <a href="FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Admiral_Group" title="Admiral Group">Admiral Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Airtel_Africa" title="Airtel Africa">Airtel Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Alliance_Witan" title="Alliance Witan">Alliance Witan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></li>

<li><a href="Antofagasta_plc" title="Antofagasta plc">Antofagasta</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashtead_Group" title="Ashtead Group">Ashtead Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Associated_British_Foods" title="Associated British Foods">Associated British Foods</a></li>

<li><a href="AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a></li>

<li><a href="Auto_Trader_Group" title="Auto Trader Group">Auto Trader Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Aviva" title="Aviva">Aviva</a></li>

<li><a href="Babcock_International" title="Babcock International">Babcock International</a></li>

<li><a href="BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a></li>

<li><a href="Barratt_Redrow" title="Barratt Redrow">Barratt Redrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Beazley_plc" title="Beazley plc">Beazley</a></li>

<li><a href="Berkeley_Group_Holdings" title="Berkeley Group Holdings">Berkeley Group Holdings</a></li>

<li><a href="British_American_Tobacco" title="British American Tobacco">British American Tobacco</a></li>

<li><a href="BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Bunzl" title="Bunzl">Bunzl</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li>

<li><a href="Coca-Cola_Europacific_Partners" title="Coca-Cola Europacific Partners">Coca-Cola Europacific Partners</a></li>

<li><a href="Compass_Group" title="Compass Group">Compass Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Convatec" title="Convatec">Convatec</a></li>

<li><a href="Croda_International" title="Croda International">Croda International</a></li>

<li><a href="Diageo" title="Diageo">Diageo</a></li>

<li><a href="Diploma_plc" title="Diploma plc">Diploma</a></li>

<li><a href="EasyJet" title="EasyJet">EasyJet</a></li>

<li><a href="Endeavour_Mining" title="Endeavour Mining">Endeavour Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Entain" title="Entain">Entain</a></li>

<li><a href="Experian" title="Experian">Experian</a></li>

<li><a href="F_%26_C_Investment_Trust" title="F & C Investment Trust">F & C Investment Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Fresnillo_plc" title="Fresnillo plc">Fresnillo</a></li>

<li><a href="Games_Workshop" title="Games Workshop">Games Workshop</a></li>

<li><a href="Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li>

<li><a href="Haleon" title="Haleon">Haleon</a></li>

<li><a href="Halma_plc" title="Halma plc">Halma</a></li>

<li><a href="Hikma_Pharmaceuticals" title="Hikma Pharmaceuticals">Hikma Pharmaceuticals</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiscox" title="Hiscox">Hiscox</a></li>

<li><a href="Howdens_Joinery" title="Howdens Joinery">Howdens Joinery</a></li>

<li><a href="IHG_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="IHG Hotels & Resorts">IHG Hotels & Resorts</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Brands" title="Imperial Brands">Imperial Brands</a></li>

<li><a href="Informa" title="Informa">Informa</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Airlines_Group" title="International Airlines Group">International Airlines Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Intertek" title="Intertek">Intertek</a></li>

<li><a href="JD_Sports" title="JD Sports">JD Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingfisher_plc" title="Kingfisher plc">Kingfisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Landsec" title="Landsec">Land Securities</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_%26_General" title="Legal & General">Legal & General</a></li>

<li><a href="Lloyds_Banking_Group" title="Lloyds Banking Group">Lloyds Banking Group</a></li>

<li><a href="LondonMetric_Property" title="LondonMetric Property">LondonMetric Property</a></li>

<li><a href="London_Stock_Exchange_Group" title="London Stock Exchange Group">London Stock Exchange Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Melrose_Industries" title="Melrose Industries">Melrose Industries</a></li>

<li><a href="Mondi" title="Mondi">Mondi</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li>

<li><a href="NatWest_Group" title="NatWest Group">NatWest Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson</a></li>

<li><a href="Pershing_Square_Holdings" title="Pershing Square Holdings">Pershing Square Holdings</a></li>

<li><a href="Persimmon_plc" title="Persimmon plc">Persimmon</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenix_Group" title="Phoenix Group">Phoenix Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Polar_Capital_Technology_Trust" title="Polar Capital Technology Trust">Polar Capital Technology Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Prudential_plc" title="Prudential plc">Prudential</a></li>

<li><a href="Reckitt" title="Reckitt">Reckitt</a></li>

<li><a href="Rentokil_Initial" title="Rentokil Initial">Rentokil Initial</a></li>

<li><a href="Rightmove" title="Rightmove">Rightmove</a></li>

<li><a href="Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a></li>

<li><a href="Sage_Group" title="Sage Group">Sage Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Sainsbury's" title="Sainsbury's">J Sainsbury</a></li>

<li><a href="Schroders" title="Schroders">Schroders</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_Mortgage_Investment_Trust" title="Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust">Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Segro" title="Segro">Segro</a></li>

<li><a href="Severn_Trent" title="Severn Trent">Severn Trent</a></li>

<li><a href="Smith_%26_Nephew" title="Smith & Nephew">Smith & Nephew</a></li>

<li><a href="Smiths_Group" title="Smiths Group">Smiths Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirax_Group" title="Spirax Group">Spirax Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered</a></li>

<li><a href="St._James's_Place_plc" title="St. James's Place plc">St. James's Place</a></li>

<li><a href="Taylor_Wimpey" title="Taylor Wimpey">Taylor Wimpey</a></li>

<li><a href="Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a></li>

<li><a href="Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Utilities" title="United Utilities">United Utilities</a></li>

<li><a href="Unite_Students" title="Unite Students">Unite Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a></li>

<li><a href="Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitbread" title="Whitbread">Whitbread</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Petroleum_industry431" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Petroleum_industry431" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</a></li>

<li><a href="Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</a></li>

<li><a href="Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</a></li>

<li><a href="Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</a></li>

<li><a href="Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</a></li>

<li><a href="Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</a></li>

<li><a href="OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li>

<li><a href="Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a></li>

<li><a href="Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li>

<li><a href="Posted_oil_price" title="Posted oil price">Posted oil price</a></li>

<li><a href="Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Reservoir_modeling" title="Reservoir modeling">Reservoir modeling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</a></li>

<li><a href="Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li>

<li><a href="Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a>

<ul><li><a href="Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</a></li>

<li><a href="Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</a>

<ul><li><a href="Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</a></li>

<li><a href="Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">Shale oil extraction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Shale_oil_extraction" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Ljungström method</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</a></li>

<li><a href="Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li>

<li><a href="Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</a></li>

<li><a href="Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</a>

<li><a href="Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a></li>

<li><a href="Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a></li>

<li><a href="Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</a></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</a></li>

<li><a href="Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</a></li>

<li><a href="Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</a></li>

<li><a href="1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a></li>

<li><a href="2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_France" title="History of the petroleum industry in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Norway" title="History of the petroleum industry in Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Venezuela</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li>

<li><a href="Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a></li>

<li><a href="Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li>

<li><a href="Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_abbreviations_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" title="List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production">Abbreviations</a></li>

<li>Classification

<ul><li><a href="Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">Orphan wells</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a></li>

<li><a href="Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Shale_band" title="Shale band">Shale band</a></li>

<li><a href="Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li>

<li><a href="Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a>

<ul><li><a href="Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li>

<li><a href="Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Companies and organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major <a href="List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Supermajors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li>

<li><a href="ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></li>

<li><a href="TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a></li>

<li><a href="ANCAP_(Uruguay)" title="ANCAP (Uruguay)">ANCAP</a></li>

<li><a href="Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a></li>

<li><a href="Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li>

<li><a href="Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li>

<li><a href="KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos</a></li>

<li><a href="Naftogaz" title="Naftogaz">Naftogaz</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li>

<li><a href="NNPC_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_%26_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil & Gas Development Company">Oil & Gas Development Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a></li>

<li><a href="PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li>

<li><a href="Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a></li>

<li><a href="Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li>

<li><a href="PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a></li>

<li><a href="Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT Public Company Limited</a></li>

<li><a href="QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li>

<li><a href="Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a></li>

<li><a href="SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li>

<li><a href="Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunvor" title="Gunvor">Gunvor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercuria" title="Mercuria">Mercuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li>

<li><a href="Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a></li>

<li><a href="Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cepsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a></li>

<li><a href="ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a></li>

<li><a href="Devon_Energy" title="Devon Energy">Devon Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">Eneos Holdings</a></li>

<li><a href="Galp_Energia" title="Galp Energia">Galp Energia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li>

<li><a href="Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a></li>

<li><a href="Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company" title="Port Harcourt Refining Company">Port Harcourt Refining Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a></li>

<li><a href="Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a></li>

<li><a href="Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li>

<li><a href="Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li>

<li><a href="TechnipFMC" title="TechnipFMC">TechnipFMC</a></li>

<li><a href="Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a></li>

<li><a href="Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major <a href="List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">services companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li>

<li><a href="Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a></li>

<li><a href="Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge & Iron Company</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li>

<li><a href="GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a></li>

<li><a href="Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li>

<li><a href="Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a></li>

<li><a href="Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsea_7" title="Subsea 7">Subsea 7</a></li>

<li><a href="TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li>

<li><a href="Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li>

<li><a href="Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_petroleum_companies" title="Canadian petroleum companies">Canadian petroleum companies</a></li>

<li><a href="Intercontinental_Exchange_Futures" title="Intercontinental Exchange Futures">Intercontinental Exchange Futures</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Association_of_Oil_%26_Gas_Producers" title="International Association of Oil & Gas Producers">International Association of Oil & Gas Producers</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum Council</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154950#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2667" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154950#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404726394">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127202154">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006073283">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15535644t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15535644t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629454">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2010600433&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2014831513&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2014835995&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2014835996&CON_LNG=ENG">4</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90253334">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000066109">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007371508505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02751536?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/47d7a76d-1743-4194-80e1-6a92f47c57ac">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/2c671b1a-eafd-4761-ba69-a2cf19e24573">MusicBrainz label</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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